I-Nanotechnology iyinkambu evelayo ehlukahlukene eyakhula kancane kancane ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980 naku-1990s ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1990s. Ngenxa yamandla aso amakhulu ukudala izinqubo ezintsha zokukhiqiza, izinto zokwakha, kanye nemikhiqizo, kuzodala inguquko entsha yezimboni ekhulwini elisha. Izinga lokuthuthuka kwamanje le-nanoscience ne-nanotechnology liyafana nalezo zobuchwepheshe bekhompyutha nezolwazi ngawo-1950. Iningi ososayensi abazinikele kulo mkhakha balindele ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwe-nanotechnology kuzoba nomthelela obanzi futhi ojulile ezicini eziningi zobuchwepheshe. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi inezakhiwo eziyinqaba nezakhiwo ezihlukile, kanye nemiphumela emincane ekhawulelwe eholela ezingxenyeni ezingajwayelekile ze-nanoUmhlaba ongavamileIzinto zokwakha zifaka umphumela othile ongaphezulu, umphumela omncane wosayizi, umphumela we-interface, umphumela wokusobala, umphumela womthelela we-turneling, kanye ne-macroscopic quantum umphumela. Le miphumela yenza izakhiwo ezibonakalayo zezinhlelo zeNano zihluke ngezinto ezijwayelekile, njengokukhanya, ugesi, ukushisa, kanye nobuthakathaka, okuholela ezicini eziningi zenoveli. Kunezindlela ezintathu eziphambili zososayensi besikhathi esizayo ukuze bacwaninge futhi bathuthukise i-nanotechnology: Ukulungiselela kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-nanomatadium aphezulu okusebenza; Design futhi ulungiselele amadivayisi ahlukahlukene we-nano nemishini; Thola futhi uhlaziye izakhiwo zezifunda zaseNano. Njengamanje, ikakhulukazi kukhona ezinye izinkomba zesicelo se-nanoUmhlaba ongavamiles, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwesikhathi esizayo kwe-nanoimihlaba engavamilekudingeka uthuthukiswe futhi.
Nano lanthanum oxideisetshenziswa ezintweni zokwenziwa kwePiezoelectric, izinto ze-elermothertsmal, izinto zokwenziwa kwama-thermoelectric, izinto zokwakha ama-luminescent, izinto eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, izinto ezahlukahlukene ze-alloy, ama-catalysts okulungiselela amakhemikhali aphilayo, kanye nama-catalysts okugcina amandla ezimoto. Amafilimu wezolimo wokuguqulwa akhanyayo nawo asetshenziswa kuyonano lanthanum oxide.
Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwenano ceriaFaka phakathi: 1. Njengoba isengezo sengilazi,nano ceriaUngadonsa imisebe ye-ultraviolet nemisebe ye-infrared futhi isetshenziselwe ingilazi yezimoto. Hhayi nje kuphela kungavimba imisebe ye-ultraviolet, kepha futhi inganciphisa izinga lokushisa ngaphakathi emotweni, ngaleyo ndlela lisindise ugesi womoya osomoya. 2. Ukusetshenziswa kwenano cerium oxideKwi-catalysts yokuhlanza izimoto eziphuma ezimotweni kungavimba ngempumelelo inani elikhulu legesi yezimoto eziphumayo ekukhishwe emoyeni. 3.Nano cerium oxideIngafakwa kwimibala yokufaka imibala yepulasitiki futhi ingasetshenziswa ezimbonini ezinjengezimbobo, uyinki, nephepha. 4. Ukusetshenziswa kwenano ceriaKwezinto ezisetshenziselwa ukucwaziswa ziye zaziwa kabanzi njengesidingo esinembayo esiphezulu se-polishing silicon wafers kanye nama-sapfire single crystal substrates. 5. Ngaphezu kwalokho,nano ceriaIngafakwa futhi ezintweni zokugcina ze-hydrogen, izinto zokwakha i-thermoelectric,nano ceriaAma-electrodes eTungsten, ama-capacitors we-ceramic, ama-ceramics we-piezoelectric,nano ceria I-Silicon CarbideI-Abrasives, izinto zokwenziwa kwama-petrol cell, ama-catalysts kaphethiloli, izinto ezithile zaphakade, ama-alloy ahlukahlukene, nezinsimbi ezingezona ze-alloy.
NanometerI-PraneOdymium oxide (Pr6o11)
Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwenano prafedymium oxideFaka: 1 Ingahlanganiswa ne-cheramic glaze ukwenza umbala we-glaze, noma ungasetshenziswa njengombala we-underglegazize wedwa. I-pigment ekhiqizwayo ilula ngokuphuzi, ngethoni emsulwa nenhle yombala. 2. Isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ama-magnets ahlala njalo, asetshenziswa kabanzi kumadivayisi ahlukahlukene kagesi nama-motors. 3. Isetshenziselwa ukuqhekeka kukaPetroleum Catalytic, kungathuthukisa umsebenzi we-catalytic, ukukhethwa, nokuqina. 4.Nano prafedymium oxideingasetshenziselwa futhi ukuhlukunyezwa okuhlukumezayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwenano prafedymium oxideEmkhakheni we-Optical Fibers kuya ngokuya kusabale.
Nanometer neodymium oxide (ND2O3)
Nanometer neodymium oxideinto isiphenduke isihloko esishisayo sokunakwa kwemakethe iminyaka eminingi ngenxa yesikhundla sayo esiyingqayizivele kuUmhlaba ongavamileinkambu.Nanometer neodymium oxidenayo isetshenziswa ezintweni ezingezona zensimbi ezingezinhle. Ukungeza 1.5% kuya ku-2,5%nano neodymium oxideKu-Magnesium noma i-Aluminium Alloys ingathuthukisa ukusebenza okushisa kakhulu, i-Aortight, kanye nokuphikiswa kokugqwala kwe-alloy, futhi kusetshenziswa kabanzi njengento ebonakalayo e-aerospace. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-nano yttrium aluminium garnet edaywe ngenano neodymium oxidee akhiqiza imishayo yama-laser amafushane amafushane, asetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yokufudumala nokusika izinto ezincanyana ezinobukhulu obungaphansi kwe-10mm. Ekusebenzeni kwezokwelapha, nanoyttrium aluminiumAma-Lasers we-Garnet alahlekilenano neodymium oxidezisetshenziswa esikhundleni semimese yokuhlinza ukususa amanxeba okuvimbela amagciwane.Nano neodymium oxideIphinde isetshenziselwe imibala yokufaka ingilazi nezinto zokwenziwa ze-ceramic, kanye nemikhiqizo yenjoloba kanye nezithasiselo.
Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwenanoscale Samarium oxideFaka umbala wayo ophuzi okhanyayo, osetshenziswa kuma-capacitors we-ceramic nama-catalysts. Ngaphezu kwalokho,nano sadarium oxideIbuye ibe nezakhiwo zenuzi futhi ingasetshenziswa njengento eyakhiwe ngesakhiwo, izinto ezivikelayo, nokulawula impahla yama-athomu atholwa, okwenza ukusetshenziswa okuphephile kwamandla amakhulu akhiqizwe yiFlear Fission.
NanoscaleI-Europuum Oxide (I-EU2O3)
Nanoscale epugurium oxideisetshenziswa kakhulu kumaporeji we-fluorescent. I-EU3 + isetshenziswa njengesishoshovu se-phospors ebomvu, futhi i-EU2 + isetshenziselwa phosphors eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Kulezi zinsuku, y0o3: EU3 + yi-phospor enhle kakhulu yokusebenza kahle kwe-luminescence, ukuqina, kanye nokubuyiselwa kwezindleko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe obufana nokwenza ngcono ukuguquguquka kweLuminescence kanye nokwehluka, kusetshenziswa kabanzi. Muva nje,nano epusium oxideIphinde yasetshenziswa njenge-phosphor evuselelwayo yokuphuma ku-X-ray Diagnostic System entsha. I-Nano Europium oxide nayo ingasetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ama-lens anemibala nokuhlunga okubonakalayo, kumadivayisi okulawula ama-bubble, kanye nezinto zokwakha, izinto zokwakha ama-athomu. I-Fine Particle Gadolinium Europuum Onide (Y2O3EU3 +) I-Red Fluorescent Powder yalungiswanano ytttrium oxide (Y2O3) Futhinano epusium oxide (I-EU2O3) njengezinto eziluhlaza. Lapho ulungiselelaUmhlaba ongavamileI-Tricolor Fluorescent Powder, yatholakala ukuthi: (a) Ingaxuba kahle nge-green powder kanye ne-blue powder; (b) ukusebenza okuhle kwe-coating; .Umhlaba ongavamileI-Tricolor phosmors, okuholela ekunciphiseni kwezindleko.
Ukusetshenziswa kwalo okuyinhloko kufaka phakathi: 1 2. Isisekelo se-sulfur oxides singasetshenziswa njenge-matrix grids yamashubhu akhethekile wokukhanya kwe-oscilloscope nama-x-ray fluorescence skrini. 3. Thenano gadolinium oxide in nano gadolinium oxideIGallium Garnet iyinto ekahle engasodwa ye-substrate eyodwa yememori yememori ye-bubble ye-bubble ye-bubble. 4. Lapho kungekho mkhawulo we-camot umkhawulo, ingasetshenziswa njengendlela yokupholisa yokupholisa kazibuthe. I-5. Isetshenziswa njenge-inhibitor yokulawula izinga lokuphendula le-chain of aclear izitshalo ukuze uqinisekise ukuphepha kokuphendula kwenyukliya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwenano gadolinium oxideFuthi uNano Lanthanum oxide ndawonye usiza ekuguquleni indawo yokuguqula ingilazi futhi athuthukise ukuzinza kwengilazi.Nano gadolinium oxideIngase futhi isetshenziselwe ama-capacitors okukhiqiza kanye nezikrini ezikhuthazayo ze-X-ray. Kwenziwa imizamo njengamanje emhlabeni wonke ukuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwenano gadolinium oxideFuthi ama-alloys awo ekupholiseni kazibuthe, futhi kwenziwe ama-ekroughs.
Nanometerterbium oxide (Tb4o7)
Izindawo eziphambili zohlelo lokusebenza zifaka: 1nano terbium oxide, i-matrix ethule icushiwe ngunano terbium oxide, futhi i-nano cereium magnelise alimate matrix yaculwa ngunano terbium oxide, konke kukhanyisa ukukhanya okuluhlaza onyakeni ojabulisayo. 2. Eminyakeni yamuva, ucwaningo kanye nentuthuko selwenziwenano terbium oxideIzinto ezisekelwe ezisekelwe ze-Magneto-Optical for Magneto-Optical Stople. I-Magneto-Optical disc yakhelwe kusetshenziswa ifilimu elincanyana le-TB-FI Amorphous njengento yokugcina ikhompyutha ingakhulisa umthamo wokugcina ngezikhathi eziyi-10-15. 3. Ingilazi ye-Magneto Optical, ingilazi ejikelezayo yeFaraday equkethenano terbium oxide, ingabe impahla ebalulekile esetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwama-rottors, ama-isolators, kanye nama-ringer asetshenziswa kabanzi kubuchwepheshe be-laser.Nano terbium oxidefuthi i-nano dysprosium iron oxide isetshenziswe kakhulu e-Sonar futhi yasetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, kusuka ezinhlelweni zokujova kaphethiloli, ukulawulwa kwe-liquid valve, ukuma kwe-micro kubalingisi be-mechan, izindlela ze-space tescopes.
Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwenano dysprosium oxide (Dy2o3) nano dysprosium oxideyile: 1.Nano dysprosium oxideisetshenziswa njenge-activator ye-fluorescent powder, kanye ne-trivalentnano dysprosium oxideIngabe i-ion ethembisayo evumayo yesikhungo esisodwa se-luminescent ezintathu zombala we-luminescent Ihlanganiswe ikakhulukazi ama-EMISSIS amabili aphumayo, enye ingukukhanya okukhanyayo okuphuzi, kanti enye ingukukhanya okukhanyayo okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Izinto ze-luminescent zidonswa ngenano dysprosium oxideingasetshenziswa njenge-group fluorescent powder ephakeme. 2.Nano dysprosium oxideIngabe impahla edingekayo yensimbi edingekayo yokulungiselela i-alloy enkulu ye-magnetostrictive alloynano terbium oxidenano dysprosium iron oxide (terfenol) alloy, ongavumela ukuvumelanisa okuthile okuqondile kwemishini okufanele kutholakale. 3.Nano dysprosium oxideI-Metal ingasetshenziswa njengezinto zokugcina ze-magneto-optical ngejubane eliphakeme lokurekhoda nokuzwela kokufunda. 4. Isetshenziselwa ukulungiswa kwenano dysprosium oxideamalambu, into esebenzayo esetshenzisiwe ngaphakathinano dysprosium oxideamalambunano dysprosium oxide. Lolu hlobo lwesibani lunezinzuzo ezinjengokukhanya okuphezulu, umbala omuhle, izinga lokushisa eliphakeme, usayizi omncane, ne-arc ezinzile. Kusetshenziswe njengomthombo wokukhanyisa ama-movie, ukuphrinta, nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zokukhanyisa. I-5. Ngenxa yendawo enkulu ye-neutron Capture yendawonano dysprosium oxide, isetshenziswa embonini yamandla we-athomu ukukala i-neutron Spectra noma njenge-neutron anyorber.
Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwenano Holmium oxideFaka: 1. Njengesengezo samalambu ensimbi yensimbi. Izibani zeMetal Halide ziwuhlobo lwesibani segesi ukukhishwa kwesibani ezithuthukiswe ngesisekelo samalambu we-mercury aphezulu, abonakaliswa ngokugcwalisa isibani ngokuhlukileUmhlaba ongavamileama-haldes. Njengamanje, ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kuyintoUmhlaba ongavamileI-Iodide, ekhipha imibala ehlukahlukene yokubuka phakathi kokukhishwa kwegesi. Into esebenzayo esetshenziswa kunano Holmium oxideI-LAMP i-IDIDEDnano Holmium oxide, okungafinyelela ukugxila okuphezulu kwama-athomu wensimbi endaweni ye-arc, kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kwemisebe. 2.Nano Holmium oxideingasetshenziswa njengesengezo se-ytttrium iron nomayttrium aluminiumgarnet; 3.Nano Holmium oxideIngasetshenziswa njenge-ytttrium iron aluminium garnet (ho: yag) ukuze i-Emit 2 μ m I-2 μ m a Ngakho-ke lapho usebenzisa i-HO Ugongolo lwamahhala olukhiqizwe ngunano Holmium oxideAmakristalu angasusa amafutha ngaphandle kokukhiqiza ukushisa ngokweqile, ngaleyo ndlela anciphise ukulimala okushisayo kwezicubu ezinempilo. Kubikwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwenano Holmium oxideAma-Lasers e-United States ukwelapha i-glaucoma anganciphisa izinhlungu zeziguli ezizohlinzwa. 4. Ku-MagnetoStrictive Alloy Terfenol D, inani elincane lenano Holmium oxidefuthi kungangezwa ukunciphisa insimu yangaphandle edingekayo ukuze kuncishiswe inqwaba ye-alloy. I-5nano Holmium oxide, okuzodlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni okusheshayo kokuxhumana kwe-fiber optic namuhla.
Nano erbium oxide (I-ER2O3Isihlehlukene
Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwenano erbium oxideFaka phakathi: 1 Ngemuva kokujabula ngokukhanya endaweni yakwa-980NM1480NM,nano erbium oxideI-Ions (ER3 +) inguquko evela ku-Ground State 4115/2 kuya ku-High-Energy State 4113/2, futhi i-Emit 1550nm wavength lapho uguquko olusezingeni eliphezulu lokubuyisela esimweni somhlaba, kepha izilinganiso ze-attenuation ziyehluka. I-band kamva imvamisa ye-1550nm yokukhanya inezinga eliphansi kakhulu le-attical attical (0.15 decibels ngekhilomitha ngalinye) ekuhanjisweni kwemicu ye-quartz optical, cishe umkhawulo ophansi wenani le-attenciation. Ngakho-ke, lapho ukuxhumana kwe-fiber optic kusetshenziswa njengokukhanya kwesiginali ngo-1550nm, ukulahleka okukhanyayo kuncishisiwe. Ngale ndlela, uma ukugxila okufanelenano erbium oxideI-DEPED ibe yi-matrix efanelekile, i-amplifier inganxephezela ukulahleka ezinhlelweni zokuxhumana ezisuselwa kumgomo we-laser. Ngakho-ke, kumanethiwekhi okuxhumana ngocingo adinga ukukhuliswa kwezimpawu ze-1550nm optical,nano erbium oxideAma-amplifari e-fiber areplified amadivayisi aqakathekileyo. Okwamanje,nano erbium oxideAma-amplifiers we-silica we-silica athengisiwe. Ngokusho kwemibiko, ukuze kugwenywe ukumunyisa okungenamsebenzi, inani le-doping le-nano erbium oxide emicumeleni ebonakalayo isukela emashumini asuka kumakhulu ama-PPM. Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kokuxhumana kwe-fiber optic kuzovula amasimu amasha wokusebenzisanano erbium oxide. 2. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakristalu e-laser akhiwe ngenano erbium oxideFuthi ukuphuma kwabo 1730NM kanye nama-1550nm ama-lasers aphephile emehlweni abantu, ngokusebenza okuhle kokuhanjiswa komkhathi, amandla okungena anamandla okubhema kwempi, ubumfihlo obuhle, futhi awatholakali kalula yizitha. Umehluko wokuhlwitha ezitsheni zezempi kukhulu, futhi i-laser rangefinder ephathekayo yokuphepha kwamehlo. 3. I-ER3 + ingangezwa engilazini ukuze ikwenzeUmhlaba ongavamileIzinto ze-Laser ze-Glass, njengamanje impahla eqinile ye-laser eqinile enamandla aphezulu okuphuma kwamandla nokukhipha amandla. I-4. I-ER3 + nayo ingasetjenziswa njenge-ion ye-activation ye-rare emhlabeni 5. Ngaphezu kwalokho,nano erbium oxideIngase futhi isetshenziselwe ukuhlobisa kanye nombala we-eyeglass lens nengilazi ye-crystalline.
Nanometer ytttrium oxide (Y2O3)
Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwenano ytttrium oxideFaka phakathi: 1 I-Fecr Alloys imvamisa iqukethe u-0.5% kuya ku-4%nano ytttrium oxide, okungakhulisa ukumelana ne-oxidation kanye nokukhohlisa kwalezi zinsimbi ezingenasici; Ngemuva kokungeza inani elifanelekile elicebilenano ytttrium oxide-xubileUmhlaba ongavamileku-MB26 Alloy, ukusebenza okuphelele kwe-alloy kwathuthuka kakhulu, futhi kungathatha isikhundla samandla athile we-aluminium ama-aluminium ama-alloys athwala umthwalo wendiza; Ukungeza inani elincane le-nano ytttriumEarth Earth Axideku-al Zr alloy angathuthukisa ukuvumelanisa kwe-alloy; Le alloy yamukelwe amafektri amaningi we-wire yasekhaya; Okufanelezelanano ytttrium oxideKu-Copper Alloys kuthuthukisa amandla okuqhutshwa namandla emishini. 2. Iqukethe ama-6%nano ytttrium oxideFuthi i-aluminium 2% we-silicon nitride ceramic impahla ingasetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa izakhi zenjini. 3. Sebenzisa i-400 wattnano neodymium oxideI-Aluminium Garnet Laser Beam ukwenza ukucubungula kwemishini njengokushayela, ukusika kanye nokufudumala ezingxenyeni ezinkulu. I-4. 5. Phezulunano ytttrium oxideAma-alloys ahlelekile aqukethe kufika ku-90%nano gadolinium oxideIngasetshenziswa ngendiza nangezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukuqina okuphansi kanye nephuzu eliphakeme elincibilikayo. I-6. Iphrothoni ephezulu yokushisa iqhuba izinto eziqukethe kufika ku-90%nano ytttrium oxidezibaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwamaseli kaphethiloli, amaseli we-electrolytic, kanye nezinto ezizwakalayo zegesi ezidinga i-Hydrogen Solubity ephezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho,nano ytttrium oxideIphinde isetshenziswe njengento yokufafaza okushisa okuphezulu, i-dileent yamafutha e-athomu e-athomu, isengezo sezinto zokwenziwa unomphela, futhi njenge-Getter embonini ye-elekthronikhi.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu okungenhla, nanoI-Rare Earth OxidesIngasetshenziswa futhi ezintweni zokugqoka ngempilo yabantu kanye nokusebenza kwezemvelo. Kusuka kuyunithi yocwaningo lwamanje, bonke banesiqondiso esithile: ukumelana nemisebe ye-ultraviolet; Ukungcoliswa komoya kanye nemisebe ye-ultraviolet ithambekele ezifweni zesikhumba kanye nomdlavuza wesikhumba; Ukuvimbela ukungcoliswa kwenza kube nzima ukuthi ukungcola kunamathela ezingutsheni; Ucwaningo luyaqhubeka emkhakheni wokufakelwa kwe-thermal. Ngenxa yobulukhuni kanye nokuguga okulula kwesikhumba, kuthambekele kakhulu ekubumbeni amabala ezinsukwini zemvula. Ukudonsa nge-nanoI-Rare Endr CERIUUM OXIDEUngenza isikhumba sithambile, sithambekele ekukhuleni nasekubumbeni nasekubumbeni, futhi futhi sikhululekile kakhulu ukugqoka. Izinto zokwenziwa ze-nanocoatiating nazo zibe yisihloko esishisayo ngocwaningo lwe-nanomatale eminyakeni yamuva, ngokugxila okuyinhloko ezitsheni ezisebenzayo. I-United States isebenzisa i-80nmY2O3Njenge-coating evinjelwe infrared, esebenza kahle ekuboniseni ukushisa.I-CEO2Inezinkomba eziphakeme ezisheshayo nokuqina okuphezulu. NiniNano Rare Earth ytttrium oxide, nano lanthanum oxide futhinano cerium oxideI-powder yengezwa kuma-coating, udonga lwangaphandle lungamelana nokuguga. Ngoba ukuhlanganiswa kodonga lwangaphandle kuthambekele ekugugeni nasekuweni ngenxa yopende ovezwa imisebe yelanga ye-ultraviolet kanye nomoya wesikhathi eside nokuvezwa kwelanga, ukungezwa kweI-Cerrium Oxidena-ytttrium oxidekungamelana nemisebe ye-ultraviolet, futhi usayizi wayo wezinhlayiyana mncane kakhulu.Nano cerium oxideisetshenziswa njenge-ultraviolet absorber, kulindeleke ukuthi isetshenziselwe ukuvikela ukuguga kwemikhiqizo yepulasitiki ngenxa yemisebe ye-ultraviolet, kanye nokuguga kwe-UV kwamathangi, njll., nokudlala indima kumabhodi amakhulu amakhulu
Ukuvikelwa okungcono kakhulu kungodonga lwangaphakathi lwe-wall ukuvikela isikhunta, umswakama, nokungcola, njengoba ubukhulu bawo buncane kakhulu, okwenza kube nzima ngothuli lokunamathela odongeni futhi lungasulwa ngamanzi. Kusekhona ukusetshenziswa okuningi kwe-nanoI-Rare Earth OxidesLokho kudinga ucwaningo nokuthuthuka okwengeziwe kanye nentuthuko, futhi sithemba ngokweqiniso ukuthi kuzoba nesasa eliqhakazile ngokwengeziwe.
Isikhathi sePosi: Nov-03-2023