Imikoreshereze yubutaka budasanzwe mugihugu irashobora gukoreshwa kugirango umenye urwego rwinganda.Ibikoresho byose birebire, byuzuye, kandi bigezweho, ibice, nibikoresho ntibishobora gutandukana nibyuma bidasanzwe.Ni ukubera iki ari ukubera ko ibyuma bimwe bituma abandi barwanya ruswa kukurusha?Nibikoresho byimashini imwe izunguruka ko abandi baramba kandi basobanutse kukurusha?Nibindi kandi kristu imwe abandi bashobora kugera kubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwa 1650 ° C?Ni ukubera iki ikirahuri cy'undi gifite indangagaciro ndende cyane?Kuki Toyota ishobora kugera kumodoka yo hejuru yubushyuhe bwo hejuru ya 41%?Ibi byose bifitanye isano no gukoresha ibyuma bidasanzwe.
Ntibisanzwe, bizwi kandi nkibintu bidasanzwe byisi, ni ijambo rusange kubintu 17 bigizescandium, yttrium, na lanthanide ikurikirana mugihe cyameza ya IIIB itsinda, risanzwe rihagarariwe na R cyangwa RE.Scandium na yttrium bifatwa nkibintu bidasanzwe byisi kuko bikunze kubana nibintu bya lanthanide mubutare bwamabuye y'agaciro kandi bifite imiti isa nayo.
Bitandukanye n'izina ryayo risobanura, ubwinshi bwibintu bidasanzwe byisi (usibye promethium) mubutaka ni hejuru cyane, hamwe na cerium iri kumwanya wa 25 mubwinshi bwibintu byimbuto, bingana na 0.0068% (hafi yumuringa).Nyamara, kubera imiterere ya geochemiki, ibintu bidasanzwe byubutaka ntibikunze gukungahazwa kurwego rwubukungu.Izina ryibintu bidasanzwe byisi bikomoka kubuke bwabo.Ubutaka bwa mbere budasanzwe bwavumbuwe n'abantu ni silicon beryllium yttrium ubutare bwakuwe mu kirombe cyo mu mudugudu wa Iterbi, muri Suwede, ari naho hakomoka amazina menshi y’ibintu bidasanzwe ku isi.
Amazina yabo nibimenyetso bya shimi niSc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Yb, na Lu.Umubare wabo wa atome ni 21 (Sc), 39 (Y), 57 (La) kugeza kuri 71 (Lu).
Amateka yo Kuvumbura Ibintu Bidasanzwe Byisi
Mu 1787, Suwede CA Arrhenius yasanze ubutare budasanzwe bw'ubutaka bw'amabuye y'agaciro mu mujyi muto wa Ytterby hafi ya Stockholm.Mu 1794, umunya Finlande J. Gadolin yatandukanije ibintu bishya.Nyuma yimyaka itatu (1797), Suwede AG Ekeberg yemeje ibyo byavumbuwe maze yita ibintu bishya yttria (isi yttrium) nyuma y’aho yavumbuwe.Nyuma, mukwibuka Gadolinite, ubu bwoko bwamabuye yitwaga gadolinite.Mu 1803, abahanga mu bya shimi b'Abadage MH Klaproth, abahanga mu bya shimi bo muri Suwede JJ Berzelius, na W. Hisinger bavumbuye ikintu gishya - ceria - kiva mu bucukuzi (cerium silicate ore).Mu 1839, Suwede CG Mosander yavumbuye lanthanum.Mu 1843, Musander yongeye kuvumbura terbium na erbium.Mu 1878, Umusuwisi Marinac yavumbuye ytterbium.Mu 1879, Abafaransa bavumbuye samariyumu, Abasuwede bavumbuye holmium na thulium, naho Abasuwede bavumbura scandium.Mu 1880, Umusuwisi Marinac yavumbuye gadolinium.Mu 1885, umunya Otirishiya A. von Wels bach yavumbuye praseodymium na neodymium.Mu 1886, Bouvabadrand yavumbuye dysprosium.Mu 1901, umugabo wumufaransa EA Demarcay yavumbuye europium.Mu 1907, umugabo wumufaransa G. Urban yavumbuye lutetium.Mu 1947, Abanyamerika nka JA Marinsky babonye promethium mu bicuruzwa bya uranium.Byatwaye imyaka irenga 150 kuva itandukanywa ryisi ya yttrium na Gadolin mumwaka wa 1794 kugeza umusaruro wa promethium muri 1947.
Gukoresha Ibintu Bidasanzwe Byisi
Ntibisanzwebizwi nka "vitamine zo mu nganda" kandi bifite imbaraga zidasanzwe za magnetiki, optique, n’amashanyarazi, bigira uruhare runini mu kuzamura imikorere y’ibicuruzwa, kongera ibicuruzwa bitandukanye, no kuzamura umusaruro.Bitewe ningaruka nini na dosiye nkeya, isi idasanzwe yabaye ikintu cyingenzi mugutezimbere ibicuruzwa, kongera ibikoranabuhanga, no guteza imbere iterambere ryikoranabuhanga.Byakoreshejwe cyane mubice nka metallurgie, igisirikare, peteroli-chimique, ububumbyi bwikirahure, ubuhinzi, nibikoresho bishya.
Inganda
Ntibisanzweyakoreshejwe murwego rwa metallurgjiya mumyaka irenga 30, kandi yakoze tekinoroji nibikorwa bikuze.Gukoresha isi idasanzwe mubyuma kandi bidafite ferrous ni umurima munini kandi mugari ufite icyerekezo kinini.Kwiyongera kwibyuma bidasanzwe byisi, fluoride, na siliside mubyuma birashobora kugira uruhare mugutunganya, gutesha agaciro, gutesha agaciro aho gushonga kwangiza kwangiza, no kunoza imikorere yicyuma;Ntibisanzwe isi silicon fer alloy hamwe nubutaka budasanzwe silicon magnesium alloy ikoreshwa nkibikoresho bya spheroidizing kugirango bitange ibyuma bidasanzwe byisi.Bitewe nuburyo budasanzwe bwo gukora ibice bigoye byibyuma byujuje ibyangombwa byihariye, ubu bwoko bwibyuma byangiza bikoreshwa cyane mubikorwa byinganda zikora imashini nkimodoka, ibimashini, na moteri ya mazutu;Ongeraho ubutare budasanzwe kubutaka butagira fer nka magnesium, aluminium, umuringa, zinc, na nikel birashobora kunoza imiterere yumubiri nubumara byumusemburo, ndetse no kuzamura ubushyuhe bwicyumba cyacyo hamwe nubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwubushyuhe.
Ikibuga cya Gisirikare
Bitewe numubiri mwiza cyane wumubiri nka fotoelectricité na magnetisme, isi idasanzwe irashobora gukora ibintu byinshi bitandukanye byibikoresho bishya bifite imitungo itandukanye kandi bikazamura cyane ubwiza nimikorere yibindi bicuruzwa.Kubwibyo, izwi nka "zahabu yinganda".Ubwa mbere, kongeramo isi idasanzwe birashobora kunoza cyane imikorere yubuhanga bwibyuma, aluminiyumu, amavuta ya magnesium, hamwe na titanium ikoreshwa mu gukora tanki, indege, na misile.Byongeye kandi, isi idasanzwe irashobora kandi gukoreshwa nkamavuta yo gukoresha ibikoresho byinshi byubuhanga buhanitse nka electronics, laseri, inganda za kirimbuzi, hamwe na superconductivity.Iyo tekinoroji idasanzwe yisi imaze gukoreshwa mubisirikare, byanze bikunze izana gusimbuka mubuhanga bwa gisirikare.Mu buryo runaka, kugenzura cyane igisirikare cy’Amerika mu ntambara nyinshi zaho nyuma y’intambara y'ubutita, ndetse n'ubushobozi bwo kwica ku mugaragaro abanzi nta kudahana, bituruka ku ikoranabuhanga ridasanzwe ry’isi, nka Superman.
Inganda zikomoka kuri peteroli
Ibintu bidakunze kubaho ku isi birashobora gukoreshwa mu gukora umusemburo wa molekile mu nganda za peteroli, hamwe nibyiza nkibikorwa byinshi, guhitamo neza, no kurwanya cyane uburozi bukabije.Kubwibyo, basimbuye catalizike ya aluminium silikatike ya peteroli ya catalitike yameneka;Mubikorwa byo gukora ammonia yubukorikori, umubare muto wa nitrate idasanzwe ya nitrate ikoreshwa nka cocatalyst, kandi ubushobozi bwayo bwo gutunganya gazi bwikubye inshuro 1.5 kurenza catalizike ya nikel;Muburyo bwo guhuza cis-1,4-polybutadiene reberi na isoprene reberi, ibicuruzwa byabonetse ukoresheje isi idasanzwe cycloalkanoate triisobutyl aluminium catalizator ifite imikorere myiza, hamwe nibyiza nkibikoresho bike bifata kumanika, gukora neza, hamwe nibikorwa bigufi nyuma yo kuvurwa ;Isi idasanzwe ya okiside irashobora kandi gukoreshwa nkumusemburo wo kweza gaze ziva mumoteri yaka imbere, na cerium naphthenate nayo irashobora gukoreshwa nkumuti wumye.
Ikirahure-ceramic
Ikoreshwa ryibintu bidasanzwe mubushinwa mubirahuri nububumbyi byiyongereye ku kigereranyo cya 25% kuva 1988, bigera kuri toni zigera ku 1600 mumwaka wa 1998. Ubutaka budasanzwe bwibirahure ntabwo aribikoresho gakondo byinganda nubuzima bwa buri munsi, ahubwo umunyamuryango wingenzi murwego rwohejuru.Ntibisanzwe isi ya oxyde cyangwa itunganywa nubutaka budasanzwe irashobora gukoreshwa cyane nkifu ya polishinge yikirahure cya optique, indorerwamo zerekana, imiyoboro yerekana amashusho, imiyoboro ya oscilloscope, ikirahure kibase, plastiki, nibikoresho byo kumeza;Mugihe cyo gushonga ikirahure, cerium dioxyde irashobora gukoreshwa kugirango igire ingaruka zikomeye za okiside kumyuma, kugabanya ibyuma biri mubirahure no kugera kuntego yo gukuraho ibara ryicyatsi mubirahure;Ongeramo isi idasanzwe ya oxyde irashobora kubyara ikirahure cya optique hamwe nikirahuri kidasanzwe kubikorwa bitandukanye, harimo ikirahure gishobora kwinjiza imirasire ya ultraviolet, aside hamwe nikirahure cyihanganira ubushyuhe, ikirahuri cyihanganira X-ray, nibindi;Ongeraho ibintu bidasanzwe byisi mubutaka bwa ceramic na farforine birashobora kugabanya gucamo ibice bya glaze kandi bigatuma ibicuruzwa bigaragaza amabara atandukanye hamwe nuburabyo, bigatuma bikoreshwa cyane mubikorwa byububumbyi.
Ubuhinzi
Ibisubizo byubushakashatsi byerekana ko ibintu bidasanzwe byisi bishobora kongera chlorophyll yibimera, kongera fotosintezeza, guteza imbere imizi, no kongera intungamubiri zintungamubiri.Ibintu bidakunze kubaho ku isi birashobora kandi gutera imbuto, kongera umuvuduko w'imbuto, no guteza imbere ingemwe.Usibye imirimo y'ingenzi yavuzwe haruguru, ifite n'ubushobozi bwo kongera indwara, kurwanya ubukonje, no kurwanya amapfa ku bihingwa bimwe na bimwe.Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwerekanye kandi ko gukoresha imbaraga z’ibintu bidasanzwe by’isi bishobora guteza imbere kwinjiza, guhinduka, no gukoresha intungamubiri ku bimera.Gutera ibintu bidasanzwe byisi birashobora kongera Vc, ibirimo isukari yose, hamwe nisukari ya aside isukari yimbuto za pome na citrus, bigatera amabara imbuto no kwera hakiri kare.Kandi irashobora guhagarika ubukana bwubuhumekero mugihe cyo kubika no kugabanya igipimo cyangirika.
Umwanya mushya wibikoresho
Ntibisanzwe isi neodymium fer boron ibikoresho bya magneti bihoraho, hamwe na remanence nyinshi, imbaraga nyinshi, hamwe ningufu zikoresha ingufu za magneti, bikoreshwa cyane mubikorwa bya elegitoroniki n’ikirere no gutwara umuyaga w’umuyaga (cyane cyane bibereye ku mashanyarazi yo hanze);Ubwoko bwa Garnet ferrite imwe ya kirisiti hamwe na polyikristal byakozwe no guhuza isi idasanzwe ya oxyde yisi na okiside ferric irashobora gukoreshwa muri microwave ninganda za elegitoroniki;Yttrium aluminium garnet hamwe nikirahuri cya neodymium gikozwe mu mwuka mwinshi wa neodymium oxyde irashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho bikomeye bya laser;Ntibisanzwe isi hexaboride irashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho bya cathode yohereza imyuka ya electron;Icyuma cya Lanthanum nikel ni ibikoresho bishya byo kubika hydrogène mu myaka ya za 70;Chromate ya Lanthanum ni ubushyuhe bwo hejuru cyane ibikoresho bya termoelektrike;Kugeza ubu, ibihugu byo ku isi byateye intambwe mu iterambere ry’ibikoresho birenze urugero hifashishijwe ibibyimba bishingiye kuri bariyumu yahinduwe na bariy yttrium y'umuringa wa ogisijeni, ishobora kubona amashanyarazi mu bushyuhe bwa azote.Byongeye kandi, isi idasanzwe ikoreshwa cyane mu gucana urumuri hifashishijwe uburyo nka poro ya fluorescent, kongera ingufu za ecran ya fluorescent, ifu yamabara atatu yibanze ya fluorescent, hamwe nifu ya kopi yamatara (ariko kubera igiciro kinini cyatewe no kuzamuka kwibiciro bidasanzwe byisi, ibyifuzo byabo mumuri bigenda bigabanuka buhoro buhoro), kimwe nibicuruzwa bya elegitoronike nka tereviziyo ya projection na tableti;Mu buhinzi, gukoresha ingano ya nitrate idasanzwe ku bihingwa byo mu murima bishobora kongera umusaruro wa 5-10%;Mu nganda zoroheje, imyenda idasanzwe ya chloride nayo ikoreshwa cyane mugutunganya ubwoya, gusiga ubwoya, gusiga ubwoya, no gusiga itapi;Ibintu bidasanzwe byisi birashobora gukoreshwa mumashanyarazi ya catalitike ihindura imyanda ihumanya ibintu bidafite ubumara mugihe cya moteri.
Ibindi Porogaramu
Ibintu bidasanzwe byisi bikoreshwa no mubicuruzwa bitandukanye bya digitale, harimo amajwi n'amashusho, gufotora, hamwe nibikoresho byitumanaho, byujuje ibisabwa byinshi nka bito, byihuse, byoroheje, igihe kinini cyo gukoresha, no kubungabunga ingufu.Muri icyo gihe, yanakoreshejwe mu nzego nyinshi nk'ingufu z'icyatsi, ubuvuzi, kweza amazi, no gutwara abantu.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-16-2023