Ukusetyenziswa komhlaba onqabileyo kwilizwe kungasetyenziselwa ukumisela inqanaba lemizi-mveliso yalo.Naziphi na izinto eziphezulu, ezichanekileyo, kunye neziphambili, amacandelo, kunye nezixhobo azikwazi ukwahlulwa kwiintsimbi ezinqabileyo.Kutheni le nto intsimbi inye yenza abanye banganyamezeli umhlwa kunawe?Ngaba sisixhobo sokuphotha sikamatshini esifanayo abanye bomelele ngakumbi kwaye bachanekile kunawe?Ngaba ikwayikristale enye abanye abanokufikelela kubushushu obuphezulu be-1650 ° C?Kutheni le nto iglasi yomnye umntu inesalathiso sokuphinda siphindeke siphezulu?Kutheni le nto iToyota ikwazi ukufikelela kowona mgangatho uphezulu wokufudumeza kwemoto emhlabeni wama-41%?Zonke ezi zinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwesinyithi esinqabileyo.
Iintsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, ekwaziwa njengezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, ligama elidityanisiweyo lezinto ezili-17 zescandium, iyttrium, kunye ne-lanthanide series kwi-periodic table IIIB group, edla ngokumelwa yi-R okanye RE.I-Scandium kunye ne-yttrium zibhekwa njengezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kuba zihlala zihlala kunye nezinto ze-lanthanide kwiidiphozithi zamaminerali kwaye zineempawu ezifanayo zeekhemikhali.
Ngokungafaniyo negama layo lithetha ukuba, ubuninzi bezinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo (ngaphandle kwepromethium) kwi-crust ziphezulu kakhulu, kunye ne-cerium ibekwe kwindawo yama-25 kubuninzi bezinto ze-crustal, ezibalelwa kwi-0.0068% (kufuphi nobhedu).Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yeempawu zayo ze-geochemical, izakhi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo azifane ziphuculwe ukuya kwinqanaba elinokusebenziseka ngokwezoqoqosho.Igama lezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba lithatyathwe kukunqongophala kwazo.Isimbiwa sokuqala esinqabileyo somhlaba esafunyanwa ngabantu yayiyi-silicon beryllium yttrium ore ekhutshwe kumgodi okwilali yase-Iterbi, eSweden, apho aqala khona amagama amaninzi anqabileyo ezinto zomhlaba.
Amagama abo kunye neempawu zeekhemikhali ziSc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Yb, kunye noLu.Amanani azo athom ngama-21 (Sc), 39 (Y), 57 (La) ukuya kuma-71 (Lu).
Imbali yoFundo lweZinto zoMhlaba eziRare
Ngo-1787, i-Swedish CA Arrhenius yafumana i-ore yentsimbi enqabileyo engaqhelekanga yomhlaba kwidolophu encinci yaseYtterby kufuphi ne-Stockholm.Ngowe-1794, uJ. Gadolin waseFinland wakhupha into entsha kuyo.Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva (ngo-1797), u-AG Ekeberg wase-Swedish wakungqina oku kwaye wathiya into entsha ngokuba yi-yttria (yttrium earth) ngendawo eyafunyanwa kuyo.Kamva, kwinkumbulo yeGadolinite, olu hlobo lwentsimbi lwabizwa ngokuba yi-gadolinite.Ngomnyaka we-1803, iikhemisti zaseJamani uMH Klaproth, iikhemisti zaseSweden uJJ Berzelius, kunye noW. Hisinger bafumanisa into entsha - i-ceria - evela kwi-ore (i-cerium silicate ore).Ngowe-1839, i-CG Mosander yaseSweden yafumanisa i-lanthanum.Ngo-1843, uMusander wafumanisa i-terbium kunye ne-erbium kwakhona.Ngowe-1878, i-Swiss Marinac yafumanisa i-ytterbium.Ngomnyaka we-1879, amaFrentshi afumanisa i-samarium, iSweden yafumanisa i-holmium kunye ne-thulium, kunye neSweden yafumanisa i-scandium.Ngowe-1880, i-Swiss Marinac yafumanisa i-gadolinium.Ngowe-1885, u-Austrian A. von Wels bach wafumanisa ipraseodymium kunye neodymium.Ngowe-1886, uBouvabadrand wafumanisa i-dysprosium.Kwi-1901, indoda yaseFransi u-EA Demarcay yafumanisa i-europium.Ngowe-1907, indoda yaseFransi uG. Urban yafumanisa i-lutetium.Ngomnyaka we-1947, abantu baseMelika abanjengoJA Marinsky bafumana ipromethium kwiimveliso ze-uranium fission.Kwathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwe-150 ukusuka ekuhlukaneni komhlaba we-yttrium nguGadolin kwi-1794 ukuya kwimveliso ye-promethium kwi-1947.
Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba
Izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyozaziwa ngokuba "ziivithamini zamashishini" kwaye zineepropathi ezibalaseleyo ezingenakubalwa zimagnetic, zamehlo, kunye nombane, zidlala indima enkulu ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kwemveliso, ukwandisa imveliso eyahlukeneyo, kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso.Ngenxa yesiphumo sayo esikhulu kunye nedosi ephantsi, umhlaba onqabileyo ube yinto ebalulekileyo ekuphuculeni ubume bemveliso, ukwandisa umxholo wetekhnoloji, kunye nokukhuthaza inkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji yeshishini.Ziye zasetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumasimi anje ngesinyithi, umkhosi, i-petrochemical, i-glass ceramics, ezolimo, kunye nezinto ezintsha.
Ishishini leMetallurgical
Umhlaba onqabileyoisetyenziswe kwintsimi ye-metallurgical iminyaka engaphezu kwe-30, kwaye yenze iteknoloji ekhulileyo kunye neenkqubo.Ukusetyenziswa komhlaba onqabileyo kwintsimbi kunye neensimbi ezingenayo i-ferrous yintsimi enkulu kunye nebanzi kunye namathemba abanzi.Ukongezwa kweentsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, i-fluorides, kunye ne-silicides kwintsimbi inokudlala indima ekusulungekiseni, ukuchithwa kwe-desulfurization, ukungathathi hlangothi kwendawo ephantsi yokunyibilika ukungcola okuyingozi, kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kwentsimbi;Umhlaba onqabileyo we-silicon iron alloy kunye ne-silicon magnesium alloy enqabileyo yomhlaba isetyenziswa njenge-spheroidizing agents ukuvelisa i-iron enqabileyo yomhlaba.Ngenxa yokufaneleka kwabo okukhethekileyo ekuveliseni iindawo zentsimbi eziyinkimbinkimbi ezineemfuno ezikhethekileyo, olu hlobo lwentsimbi ye-ductile lusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumashishini okuvelisa oomatshini afana neemoto, iitrektara kunye neenjini zedizili;Ukongeza iintsimbi ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kwiialloys ezingenayo i-ferrous ezifana ne-magnesium, i-aluminium, i-copper, i-zinc, kunye ne-nickel inokuphucula iimpawu ze-alloy kunye neekhemikhali ze-alloy, kunye nokuphucula ubushushu begumbi kunye ne-high-temperature mechanical properties.
Ibala Lomkhosi
Ngenxa yeepropathi zayo ezibalaseleyo zomzimba ezinje ngefotoelectricity kunye nemagnethi, umhlaba onqabileyo unokwenza iintlobo ngeentlobo zemathiriyeli entsha eneempawu ezahlukeneyo kwaye iphucule kakhulu umgangatho kunye nokusebenza kwezinye iimveliso.Ke ngoko, yaziwa ngokuba yi "industrial gold".Okokuqala, ukongezwa komhlaba onqabileyo kunokuphucula ngokubonakalayo ukusebenza kobuchule kwentsimbi, iialloyi zealuminiyam, iialloyi zemagnesium, kunye nealloys zetitanium ezisetyenziswa ekwenzeni iitanki, iinqwelomoya, kunye nemijukujelwa.Ukongeza, umhlaba onqabileyo unokusetyenziswa njengezithambisi kwizicelo ezininzi zobuchwephesha obuphezulu obunje nge-elektroniki, iilaser, ishishini lenyukliya, kunye ne-superconductivity.Emva kokuba ubugcisa bomhlaba obunqabileyo busetyenziswa emkhosini, ngokuqinisekileyo buya kuzisa umtsi kubugcisa bomkhosi.Ngandlel’ ithile, ulawulo olugqithisileyo lomkhosi wase-US kwiimfazwe ezininzi zasekuhlaleni emva kweMfazwe Yomlomo, kunye nokukwazi kwawo ukubulala iintshaba ngokuphandle ngokungohlwaywa, kuphuma kubuchwephesha bawo bomhlaba obunqabileyo, obufana noSuperman.
Ishishini lePetrochemical
Izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zingasetyenziselwa ukwenza i-molecular sieve catalysts kushishino lwepetrochemical, kunye neenzuzo ezifana nokusebenza okuphezulu, ukukhetha okulungileyo, kunye nokuchasana okunamandla kwityhefu enzima.Ngoko ke, bathathe indawo ye-aluminium silicate catalysts kwiinkqubo ze-petroleum catalytic cracking;Kwinkqubo yokuvelisa i-ammonia yokwenziwa, inani elincinci le-nitrate yomhlaba enqabileyo lisetyenziswa njenge-cocatalyst, kwaye amandla ayo okusebenza kwegesi ngama-1.5 amaxesha amakhulu kune-nickel aluminium catalyst;Kwinkqubo yokudibanisa irabha ye-cis-1,4-polybutadiene kunye nerabha ye-isoprene, imveliso efunyenwe kusetyenziswa umhlaba onqabileyo we-cycloalkanoate triisobutyl aluminiyamu catalyst inomsebenzi ogqwesileyo, kunye noncedo olufana nesixhobo esincinci sokuxhoma, ukusebenza okuzinzileyo, kunye nenkqubo emfutshane emva konyango. ;Ii-oksidi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ezihlanganisiweyo zinokusetyenziswa njengezixhobo zokucoca igesi ephumayo evela kwiinjini zokutsha zangaphakathi, kwaye i-cerium naphthenate nayo ingasetyenziswa njengearhente yokomisa ipeyinti.
Iglasi-i-ceramic
Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kushishino lweglasi nolweceramic lwaseTshayina lonyuke ngomyinge wama-25% ukususela ngo-1988, lafikelela malunga neetoni ezili-1600 ngo-1998. Iiseramikhi zeglasi yomhlaba ezinqabileyo azizomathiriyeli zemveli ezisisiseko kuphela kushishino nakubomi bemihla ngemihla, kodwa zikwayinto eqhelekileyo. ilungu eliphambili lentsimi ye-high-tech.Iioksidi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo okanye ugxininiso lomhlaba olucwangcisiweyo olunqabileyo lunokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengomgubo wokupolisha kwiglasi yamehlo, iilensi zokubukela, iityhubhu zemifanekiso, iityhubhu zeoscilloscope, iglasi ecaba, iplastiki, kunye neetafile zentsimbi;Kwinkqubo yokuncibilika kweglasi, i-cerium dioxide ingasetyenziselwa ukuba nefuthe elinamandla le-oxidation kwintsimbi, ukunciphisa umxholo wesinyithi kwiglasi kunye nokufezekisa injongo yokususa umbala oluhlaza kwiglasi;Ukongeza i-oxides yomhlaba enqabileyo inokuvelisa iglasi ye-optical kunye neglasi ekhethekileyo kwiinjongo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa iglasi ekwazi ukufunxa imitha ye-ultraviolet, i-asidi kunye neglasi ekwazi ukumelana nobushushu, i-X-ray i-glass resistant, njl.Ukongeza izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kwi-ceramic kunye ne-porcelain glazes kunokunciphisa ukuqhekeka kweeglaze kwaye zenze iimveliso zibonise imibala eyahlukeneyo kunye neglosi, izenze zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwishishini le-ceramic.
Ezolimo
Iziphumo zophando zibonisa ukuba izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zinokunyusa umxholo we-chlorophyll wezityalo, ziphucule iphotosynthesis, zikhuthaze ukukhula kweengcambu, kwaye zandise ukufunxwa kwezondlo ngeengcambu.Izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zinokukhuthaza ukuntshula kwembewu, zonyuse izinga lokuntshula kwembewu, kwaye zikhuthaze ukukhula kwezithole.Ukongeza kule misebenzi iphambili ikhankanywe ngasentla, ikwanakho ukomeleza ukuxhathisa kwezifo, ukuxhathisa ingqele, kunye nokumelana nembalela kwezityalo ezithile.Uphononongo oluninzi lukwabonise ukuba ukusetyenziswa koxinzelelo olufanelekileyo lwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kunokukhuthaza ukufunxwa, ukuguqulwa, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezondlo zizityalo.Ukutshiza izakhi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kunokunyusa umxholo we-VC, umxholo weswekile iyonke, kunye nomlinganiselo we-asidi yeswekile yeziqhamo ze-apile kunye ne-citrus, ukukhuthaza umbala weziqhamo kunye nokuvuthwa kwangaphambili.Kwaye inokucinezela amandla okuphefumla ngexesha lokugcina kunye nokunciphisa izinga lokubola.
Indawo yezixhobo ezintsha
I-Rare Earth neodymium iron boron imathiriyeli yemagnethi esisigxina, ene-remanence ephezulu, ukunyanzeliswa okuphezulu, kunye nemveliso yamandla ombane aphezulu, isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumashishini e-elektroniki kunye ne-aerospace kunye nokuqhuba ii-injini zomoya (ingakumbi ezifanelekileyo kwizityalo zamandla ezikude nonxweme);I-garnet yohlobo lwe-ferrite iikristale enye kunye nee-polycrystals ezenziwe ngokudityaniswa kwee-oksidi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ezicocekileyo kunye ne-ferric oxide zingasetyenziswa kwi-microwave kunye namashishini e-elektroniki;I-Yttrium aluminium garnet kunye neglasi ye-neodymium eyenziwe nge-high-purity neodymium oxide ingasetyenziswa njengezinto eziqinileyo ze-laser;Iihexaborides zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zingasetyenziswa njengezixhobo ze-cathode zokukhutshwa kwe-electron;I-Lanthanum nickel metal yinto esanda kuphuhliswa yokugcina i-hydrogen kwi-1970s;I-Lanthanum chromate yinto ephezulu yokushisa kwe-thermoelectric;Okwangoku, amazwe ehlabathini lonke aphumelele ekuphuhliseni izinto zokwenziwa kwe-superconducting ngokusebenzisa i-barium based oxides eguqulwe nge-barium yttrium ye-oksijini yobhedu, enokufumana ii-superconductors kuluhlu lobushushu lwe-nitrogen.Ukongeza, umhlaba onqabileyo usetyenziswa kakhulu ekukhanyeni kwemithombo ngeendlela ezinje ngomgubo we-fluorescent, ukuqinisa isikrini somgubo we-fluorescent, i-powder color fluorescent ezintathu eziphambili, kunye nomgubo wesibane sokukopisha (kodwa ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu ezibangelwa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso omhlaba anqabileyo, izicelo zabo ekukhanyeni ziyancipha ngokuthe ngcembe), kunye neemveliso ze-elektroniki ezifana nomabonwakude kunye neetafile;Kwezolimo, ukusebenzisa umkhondo we-nitrate yomhlaba enqabileyo kwizityalo zasemasimini kunokunyusa isivuno sazo nge-5-10%;Kushishino lwamalaphu olula, iikloridi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zikwasetyenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni ulusu loboya, ukudaya uboya, ukudaya ngoboya, kunye nokudaya ikhaphethi;Izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zinokusetyenziswa kwiziguquli ze-automotive catalytic ukuguqula ungcoliseko olukhulu lube ziikhompawundi ezingenabungozi ngexesha lokuphuma kwe-injini.
Ezinye izicelo
Izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zikwasetyenziswa kwiimveliso ezahlukeneyo zedijithali, kubandakanya iaudiovisual, ukufota, kunye nezixhobo zonxibelelwano, ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezininzi ezinje ngencinci, ngokukhawuleza, ukukhanya, ixesha elide lokusetyenziswa, kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla.Kwangaxeshanye, isetyenziswe kwiinkalo ezininzi ezifana namandla aluhlaza, ukhathalelo lwempilo, ukucocwa kwamanzi, kunye nokuhamba.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-16-2023