Ejo hazaza h'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro Ntibisanzwe
Nibihe Bidasanzwe Byisi kandi Bisanga he? Ibintu bidasanzwe byisi (REEs) bigizwe nibintu 17 byuma, bigizwe na lanthanide 15 kumeza yibihe: Benshi muribo ntibakunze kubaho nkuko izina ryitsinda ribigaragaza ariko ryiswe mu kinyejana cya 18 na 19, ugereranije nibindi bintu bisanzwe 'isi' nka lime na magnesia. Cerium ni REE ikunze kugaragara kandi ni myinshi kuruta umuringa cyangwa isasu. Nyamara, mubijyanye na geologiya, REEs ntibikunze kuboneka mububiko bwibanze nkuko amakara yamakara, urugero, atuma ubucukuzi bugora mubukungu. Ahubwo usanga muburyo bune bwingenzi budasanzwe;karubone, ni amabuye adasanzwe yaka yakomotse kuri magma ikungahaye kuri karubone, imiterere ya alkaline yaka, ububiko bwibumba bwa ion-absorption, hamwe nububiko bwa monazite-xenotime. Ubushinwa bucukura 95% by'ibintu bidakunze kubaho ku isi kugira ngo bihaze ibyifuzo by'ubuzima bwa Hi-Tech n'imbaraga zishobora kuvugururwa Kuva mu mpera z'imyaka ya za 90, Ubushinwa bwiganje mu musaruro wa REE, bukoresha ububiko bw’ibumba bw’ibumba, buzwi ku izina rya 'Ibumba ry’Ubushinwa'. Nibyiza mubushinwa kubikora kuko kubumba ibumba biroroshye gukuramo REE mukoresha acide nkeya. Ibintu bidasanzwe byisi bikoreshwa mubikoresho byose bya tekinoroji, harimo mudasobwa, imashini ya DVD, terefone ngendanwa, amatara, fibre optique, kamera na disikuru, ndetse nibikoresho bya gisirikare, nka moteri yindege, sisitemu yo kuyobora misile, satelite, na anti -kwirwanaho. Intego y’amasezerano y’ikirere ya Paris 2015 ni ukugabanya ubushyuhe bw’isi kugeza munsi ya 2 ˚C, byaba byiza 1.5 ˚C, mbere y’inganda.Ibi byongereye ingufu zingufu n’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, nazo zisaba REE gukora. Mu mwaka wa 2010, Ubushinwa bwatangaje ko bugabanya ibyoherezwa mu mahanga REE kugira ngo bwuzuze ubwiyongere bw’ibikenewe, ariko kandi bugakomeza umwanya wabwo wo gutanga ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga mu bindi bihugu. Ubushinwa nabwo buhagaze neza mu bukungu kugira ngo bugenzure itangwa rya REE zikenewe mu mbaraga zishobora kuvugururwa nk'amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba, umuyaga, hamwe n'amashanyarazi akomoka ku mashanyarazi, ndetse n'ibinyabiziga by'amashanyarazi. Ifumbire ya Phosphogypsum Ntibisanzwe Ibintu byo gufata isi Phosphogypsum ni ifumbire mvaruganda kandi ikubiyemo ibintu bisanzwe biboneka kuri radio nka uranium na thorium.Kubera iyo mpamvu, ibikwa igihe kitazwi, hamwe ningaruka ziterwa no kwanduza ubutaka, umwuka, namazi. Kubwibyo, abashakashatsi bo muri kaminuza ya leta ya Penn, bashizeho uburyo bwinshi bakoresheje peptide yakozwe, imirongo migufi ya acide amine ishobora kumenya neza no gutandukanya REE ikoresheje membrane yihariye. Nkuko uburyo bwo gutandukana gakondo budahagije, umushinga ugamije gukora uburyo bushya bwo gutandukana, ibikoresho, nibikorwa. Igishushanyo kiyobowe no kwerekana imiterere, cyakozwe na Rachel Getman, ushinzwe iperereza rikuru akaba n'umwarimu wungirije w’ubuhanga bw’ibinyabuzima na biomolecular muri Clemson, hamwe n’abashakashatsi Christine Duval na Julie Renner, bakora molekile zizajya zifata kuri REE zihariye. Greenlee azareba uburyo bitwara mumazi kandi azasuzuma ingaruka zidukikije hamwe nubushobozi butandukanye bwubukungu mugihe cyimiterere ihinduka. Umwarimu w’ubuhanga mu by'imiti, Lauren Greenlee, avuga ko: “uyu munsi, toni 200.000 z’ibintu bidasanzwe by’ubutaka byafatiwe mu myanda ya fosifogi itunganijwe muri Floride yonyine.” Iri tsinda rigaragaza ko gukira gakondo bifitanye isano n’inzitizi z’ibidukikije n’ubukungu, aho usanga ubu zivanwa mu bikoresho byinshi, bisaba gutwika ibicanwa by’ibinyabuzima kandi bikaba bisaba akazi cyane; Umushinga mushya uzibanda ku kubagarura mu buryo burambye kandi ushobora gutangizwa ku rugero runini ku nyungu z’ibidukikije n’ubukungu. Niba umushinga wagenze neza, birashobora kandi kugabanya Amerika kwishingikiriza kubushinwa mugutanga ibinyabuzima bidasanzwe. Inkunga y'umushinga wa siyansi y'igihugu Umushinga wa Leta ya Penn State REE uterwa inkunga n’imyaka ine y’amadolari 571.658, yose hamwe akaba miliyoni 1.7, akaba ari ubufatanye na Case Western Reserve University na kaminuza ya Clemson. Ubundi buryo bwo kugarura ibintu bidasanzwe byisi Kugarura RRE mubusanzwe bikorwa hakoreshejwe ibikorwa bito-bito, mubisanzwe no kuvoma no gukuramo ibishishwa. Nubwo inzira yoroshye, kumeneka bisaba ubwinshi bwimiti yangiza imiti, ntabwo rero byifuzwa mubucuruzi. Gukuramo ibishishwa ni tekinike nziza ariko ntabwo ikora neza kuko ikora cyane kandi itwara igihe. Ubundi buryo busanzwe REEs yagarurwa ni mubuhinzi, buzwi kandi nka e-ubucukuzi, burimo gutwara imyanda ya elegitoronike, nka mudasobwa zishaje, terefone, na tereviziyo biva mubihugu bitandukanye bikajya mubushinwa kugirango bikurwe REE. Nk’uko gahunda y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe ibidukikije ibigaragaza, mu mwaka wa 2019 hashyizweho toni zisaga miliyoni 53 z’imyanda ya e-e, hamwe n’ibikoresho fatizo bigera kuri miliyari 57 z’amadolari arimo REE n’ibyuma. Nubwo bikunze kuvugwa nkuburyo burambye bwo gutunganya ibikoresho, ntabwo bidafite ibibazo byayo bwite bigomba gukemurwa. Guhinga bisaba umwanya munini wo kubikamo, gutunganya ibiti, gutunganya imyanda nyuma yo gukira kwa REE, kandi bikubiyemo amafaranga yo gutwara abantu, bisaba gutwika ibicanwa. Umushinga wa kaminuza ya leta ya Penn ufite ubushobozi bwo gutsinda bimwe mubibazo bijyanye nuburyo gakondo bwo kugarura REE niba bushobora guhaza intego z’ibidukikije n’ubukungu.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-03-2022