Ikamva loMgodi weMigodi eRare Earth Elements ngokuZinzileyo
Zeziphi izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kwaye zifumaneka phi? Iziqalelo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo (REEs) ziquka i-elementi zentsimbi ezili-17, ezenziwe ngeelanthanides ezili-15 kwitheyibhile ye periodic: Uninzi lwazo alunqabile njengoko igama leqela libonisa kodwa zathiywa ngenkulungwane ye-18 neye-19, xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izinto eziqhelekileyo 'zomhlaba' ezifana nekalika kunye ne-magnesia. I-Cerium yeyona REE ixhaphakileyo kwaye ininzi kakhulu kunobhedu okanye ilothe. Nangona kunjalo, ngokwemigaqo yokwakheka komhlaba, ii-REE azifane zifumaneke kwiidiphozithi ezigxininisiweyo njengemithungo yamalahle, umzekelo, zizenza kube nzima kwezoqoqosho ukumbiwa kwemigodi. Endaweni yoko zifumaneka kwiindidi ezine eziphambili ezingaqhelekanga zamatye;carbonatites, angamatye igneous angaqhelekanga athathwe kwi-carbonate-rich magmas, i-alkaline igneous setting, i-ion-absorption clay deposits, kunye ne-monazite-xenotime-bearer placers deposits. Imigodi yaseTshayina i-95% yezinto eziNqabileyo zoMhlaba ukwanelisa iBango le-Hi-Tech yokuphila kunye nokuVuselelwa kwamandla Ukusukela ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1990, iChina ibilawula imveliso yeREE, isebenzisa idiphozithi yodongwe olufunxa iion, eyaziwa njenge 'South China Clays'. Kuyongayo ukuba iTshayina iyenze kuba iidiphozithi zodongwe zilula ukukhupha iiREEs ekusebenziseni iiasidi ezibuthathaka. Izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zisetyenziselwa zonke iintlobo zezixhobo ze-hi-tech, kubandakanya iikhomputha, ii-DVD player, iiselfowuni, ukukhanya, i-fiber optics, iikhamera kunye nezithethi, kunye nezixhobo zomkhosi, ezinjengeenjini zejethi, iinkqubo zokukhokela imijukujelwa, iisathelayithi, kunye ne-anti. -i-missile yokukhusela. Injongo yesiVumelwano seMozulu saseParis sika-2015 kukucutha ubushushu behlabathi bube ngaphantsi kwe-2 ˚C, kukhethwa i-1.5 ˚C, amanqanaba aphambi koshishino.Oku kunyuse imfuno yamandla avuselelekayo kunye neemoto zombane, ezifuna ukuba iiREEs zisebenze. Ngo-2010, i-China yabhengeza ukuba iza kunciphisa ukuthunyelwa kwe-REE kumazwe angaphandle ukuze izalisekise ukunyuka kwayo kwemfuno, kodwa iphinde igcine indawo yayo ephezulu yokubonelela ngezixhobo ze-hi-tech kwihlabathi liphela. I-China ikwakwimeko eyomeleleyo yezoqoqosho yokulawula unikezelo lwee-REE ezifunekayo kumandla ahlaziyekayo afana neepaneli zelanga, umoya, kunye nee-injini zamandla olwandle, kunye nezithuthi zombane. IProjekthi yokuThatha izichumiso zePhosphogypsum Rare Earth Elements I-Phosphogypsum yimveliso evela kwisichumiso kwaye iqulethe izinto zendalo ze-radioactive ezifana ne-uranium kunye ne-thorium.Ngenxa yesi sizathu, igcinwa ngokungenasiphelo, kunye neengozi ezinxulumene nokungcolisa umhlaba, umoya kunye namanzi. Ngoko ke, abaphandi beYunivesithi yasePenn State, baye baqulunqa indlela yokwenza izinto ezininzi ngokusebenzisa i-peptides yobunjineli, iintambo ezimfutshane ze-amino acids ezinokuthi zichonge ngokuchanekileyo kwaye zihlukanise i-REE ngokusebenzisa i-membrane eyenziwe ngokukodwa. Njengoko iindlela zokwahlula ngokwemveli zingonelanga, iprojekthi ijolise ekuyileni iindlela ezintsha zokwahlula, izixhobo kunye neenkqubo. Uyilo lukhokelwa yi-computational modeling, ephuhliswe nguRachel Getman, umphandi oyintloko kunye noprofesa odibeneyo wobunjineli beekhemikhali kunye ne-biomolecular eClemson, kunye nabaphandi uChristine Duval noJulie Renner, ukuphuhlisa iamolekyu eziza kukhwela kwii-REE ezithile. UGreenlee uya kujonga indlela abaziphatha ngayo emanzini kwaye baya kuvavanya impembelelo yokusingqongileyo kunye namandla ahlukeneyo oqoqosho phantsi koyilo oluguquguqukayo kunye neemeko zokusebenza. Unjingalwazi wobunjineli bemichiza uLauren Greenlee uthi: “namhlanje, kuqikelelwa ukuba ziitoni ezingama-200 000 zezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezivaleleke kwinkunkuma engekalungiswa eFlorida kuphela.” Iqela lichonga ukuba ukubuyiswa kwemveli kunxulunyaniswa nezithintelo zokusingqongileyo kunye nezoqoqosho, apho zifunyanwa ngoku kwimathiriyeli edityanisiweyo, efuna ukutshiswa kwamafutha efosili kwaye ifuna umsebenzi omkhulu. Iprojekthi entsha iza kugxila ekuzibuyiseleni kwakhona ngendlela ezinzileyo kwaye inokuqaliswa ngomlinganiselo omkhulu ukuze kuxhamle okusingqongileyo noqoqosho. Ukuba iprojekthi iphumelele, inokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwe-USA kwi-China ngokubonelela ngezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. Inkxaso-mali yeProjekthi yeSiseko seNzululwazi yeSizwe Iprojekthi ye-Penn State REE ixhaswa ngemali yeminyaka emine ye-571,658 yeedola, iyonke i-$ 1.7 yezigidi, kwaye yintsebenziswano ne-Case Western Reserve University kunye neYunivesithi yaseClemson. Iindlela ezizezinye zokubuyisela izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba Ukubuyiswa kwe-RRE ngokuqhelekileyo kuqhutyelwa kusetyenziswa imisebenzi emincinci, ngokuqhelekileyo ngokukhupha kunye nokutsalwa kwe-solvent. Nangona iyinkqubo elula, ukucwiliswa kwamanzi kufuna umyinge ophezulu wee-reagents zekhemikhali eziyingozi, ngoko ke ayinqweneleki ngokorhwebo. Ukutsalwa kwe-solvent bubuchule obusebenzayo kodwa abusebenzi kakhulu kuba busebenza nzima kwaye budla ixesha. Enye indlela eqhelekileyo yokuba ii-REE zibuyiswe kukulima, okwakwaziwa ngokuba yi-e-mining, ebandakanya ukuthuthwa kwenkunkuma yombane, efana neekhompyutha ezindala, iifowuni, nomabonakude ukusuka kumazwe ahlukeneyo ukuya e-China ukuze kutsalwe i-REE. NgokweNkqubo yezokusiNgqongileyo ye-UN, ngaphezulu kwe-53 yezigidi zeetoni zenkunkuma ye-elektroniki ziveliswe ngo-2019, malunga ne-57 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zezinto eziluhlaza ezineeREE kunye nesinyithi. Nangona isoloko ichazwa njengendlela ezinzileyo yemathiriyeli yokurisayikilisha, ayikho ngaphandle kweseti yeengxaki zayo ekusafuneka zoyiswe. I-agromining ifuna indawo eninzi yokugcina, izityalo ezisetyenzisiweyo ngokutsha, inkunkuma yokulahla inkunkuma emva kokubuyiselwa kwe-REE, kwaye ibandakanya iindleko zothutho, ezifuna ukutshiswa kwamafutha efosili. IProjekthi yeYunivesithi yasePenn State inamandla okunqoba ezinye zeengxaki ezinxulumene neendlela zokubuyisela i-REE yendabuko ukuba inokwanelisa iinjongo zayo zokusingqongileyo kunye nezoqoqosho.
Ixesha lokuposa: Mar-03-2022