Njengoba sihlola umhlaba omuhle wezakhi,umphethoIheha ukunaka kwethu ngezakhiwo zayo ezihlukile kanye nenani lesicelo esingahle libe khona. Kusuka olwandle olujulile kuya esikhaleni sangaphandle, kusuka kumadivayisi wanamuhla kagesi kubuchwepheshe obuluhlaza obuluhlaza, ukusetshenziswa kweumphethoEmkhakheni wesayensi kuyaqhubeka ukwandisa, kukhombisa inani layo elingenakuqhathaniswa.
I-Erbium yatholwa yiSweden Chemist Mobander ngo-1843 ngokuhlaziya i-YTTRIUM. Ekuqaleni waqamba i-oxide ye-erbium njengobaterbium oxide,Ngakho-ke ezincwadini zokuqala zaseJalimane, iTerbium Oxide ne-Erbium Oxide zazididekile.
Kwakungekho ngemuva kwe-1860 ukuthi yalungiswa. Esikhathini esifanayo laphouhlobo linthanumkwatholakala, kwatholakala, ama-mandander ahlaziywa futhi afunda okutholakele ekuqaleniytttrium, futhi washicilela umbiko ngo-1842, ecacisa ukuthi okutholakele ekuqaleniytttriumkwakungeyona into eyodwa oxide, kodwa i-oxide yezinto ezintathu. Usabiza enye yazo yttrium, waqamba igama lazoI-Erbia(Umhlaba we-Erbium). Uphawu lwe-elemento lusethwe njengeEr. Ibizwa ngegama ngemuva kwendawo lapho i-YTTrium Ore yatholakala okokuqala, idolobhana laseYtter ngaseStockholm, eSweden. Ukutholwa kwe-Erbium nezinye izinto ezimbili,uhlobo linthanumna-i-terbium, wavula umnyango wesibili ukuthola ukutholwa kweizinto zomhlaba ezingavamile, okuyisigaba sesibili sokutholwa kwezinto zomhlaba ezingavamile. Ukutholwa kwabo kungokwesithathu kwezinto zomhlaba ezingandile ngemuvaumrintshina-ytttrium.
Namuhla, sizoqala lolu hambo lokuhlola ndawonye ukuthola ukuqonda okujulile kwezakhiwo eziyingqayizivele ze-Erbium kanye nesicelo sazo kubuchwepheshe besimanje.
Izinkambu zohlelo lokusebenza ze-Erbium element
1. I-Laser Technology:Into ye-Erbium isetshenziswa kabanzi kubuchwepheshe be-laser, ikakhulukazi kuma-lasers aqinile wombuso. I-Erbium Ion ingakhiqiza ama-lasers nge-wavelthy of aven acishe abe ngu-1.5 ama-microns ezindaweni eziqinile ze-laser, okubaluleke kakhulu kwizinkambu ezifana nokuxhumana kwe-fiber-ama-laser kanye nokuhlinzwa kwe-laser yezokwelapha.
2. Ukuxhumana kwe-fiber-optic:Njengoba into ye-erbium ingakhiqiza i-wavelthth edingekayo ukuze isebenze ekuxhumaneni kwe-fiber-optic, isetshenziswa kuma-fiber amplifiers. Lokhu kusiza ukuthuthukisa ibanga lokuhambisa kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezimpawu ze-Optical futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kwamanethiwekhi okuxhumana.
3. Ukuhlinzwa kwe-laser yezokwelapha:Ama-Erbium Lasers asetshenziswa kabanzi emkhakheni wezokwelapha, ikakhulukazi ngokusika kwezicubu kanye nokugqekeza. Ukukhethwa kwe-wavelength yayo kuvumela ama-erbium lasers ukuthi amunwe ngempumelelo futhi asetshenziselwe ukuhlinzwa kwe-laser ephezulu, njengokuhlinzwa kwe-ophthalmic.
I-4. Izinto Zobuthentshi kanye Nezimpawu Zobuthe Bezibuthe (MRI):Ukufakwa kwe-Erbium kwezinye izinto zikamabuthe kungashintsha izakhiwo zako zakwamabuthe, kubenze basebenzise izinhlelo ezibalulekile ku-Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI). Izinto ezingezelwe ze-erbium-zengezwe zingasetshenziswa ukwenza ngcono umehluko wezithombe ze-MRI.
I-5. Ama-amplifiers we-Optical Amplifiers:I-Erbium nayo isetshenziswa kuma-amplifiers abonakalayo. Ngokungeza i-Erbium kwi-Amplifier, inzuzo ingatholwa ohlelweni lokuxhumana, yandisa amandla nebanga lokuhambisa lesiginali ye-Optical.
6. Imboni yamandla eNyukliya:I-Erbium-167 Isotope inesigaba esiphezulu se-Neutron Cross, ngakho-ke isetshenziswa njengomthombo we-neutron embonini yamandla enuzi ukuze uthole ukutholwa nokulawulwa kwe-nuclear.
7. Ucwaningo kanye Nezindawo Zokusebenzela:I-Erbium isetshenziswa njengomtshina ohlukile noMarker ngelebhu yokucwaninga nezinhlelo zokusebenza zelebhu. Izakhiwo zayo ezibonakalayo ezikhethekile nezakhiwo zikazibuthe zenza zibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ocwaningweni lwesayensi.
I-Erbium idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwisayensi yanamuhla nezobuchwepheshe kanye nomuthi, futhi izakhiwo zayo eziyingqayizivele zinikeza ukwesekwa okubalulekile kwezicelo ezahlukahlukene.
Izakhiwo ezibonakalayo ze-Erbium
Ukubukeka: I-Erbium iyi-silvery emhlophe, insimbi eqinile.
I-Density: I-Erbium inobunzima be-9.066 g / cm3. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi i-Erbium iyinsimbi emnandi.
Iphoyinti elincibilikayo: I-Erbium inendawo yokuncibilika yama-1,529 degrees Celsius (2,784 degrees Fahrenheit). Lokhu kusho ukuthi emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, i-Erbium ingaphenduka inguquko evela esimweni esiqinile esimweni esiwuketshezi.
Iphuzu elibilayo: I-Erbium inendawo ebilayo engama-2,870 degrees Celsius (5,198 degrees Fahrenheit). Leli iphuzu lapho ushintsho lwe-Erbium oluvela esimweni se-liquid esimweni esihle samazinga okushisa aphezulu.
Ukuqhutshwa: I-Erbium ingenye yezinsimbi ezenziwayo futhi inokuphakelayo kukagesi okuhle.
UWagnetism: Ekushiseni kwamakamelo, i-Erbium iyinto ebonakalayo ye-ferromagnetic. Ibonisa i-Ferromagnetism ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa athile, kepha ilahlekelwa yile ndawo emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.
I-Magnetic Moment: I-Erbium inomzuzu omkhulu kazibuthe, okwenza kube lubalulekile ezintweni ezibucayi nezinhlelo zokusebenza zikazibuthe.
Isakhiwo se-Crystal: Emazingeni okushisa ekamelweni, isakhiwo se-crystal se-Erbium yi-hexagonal esondele kakhulu. Lesi sakhiwo sithinta izakhiwo zayo esimweni esiqinile.
Ukuqhutshwa okushisayo: I-Erbium inokuphakelayo okuphezulu okushisayo, okukhombisa ukuthi yenza kahle ekusebenzeni okushisayo.
Umsakazo
Izakhiwo ezibonakalayo: I-Erbium ikhombisa ukumuncwa kwezifunda ezithile kanye nemigqa yokuphuma ezindaweni ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo neziseduze ze-infrared, ezenza kube lusizo kubuchwepheshe be-laser kanye nezicelo zokubona.
Izakhiwo ezibonakalayo zento ye-Erbium zikwenza kusetshenziswe kabanzi kubuchwepheshe be-laser, ukuxhumana kwe-Optical, umuthi namanye amasimu esayensi nezobuchwepheshe.
Izici zamakhemikhali ze-Erbium
Uphawu lwamakhemikhali: Uphawu lwamakhemikhali lwe-Erbium ngu-ER.
I-Oxidation State: I-Erbium imvamisa ikhona kwi-+3 oxidation state, okuyi-oxidation state yayo ejwayelekile. Kwezinhlanganisela, i-Erbium ingakha i-ER ^ 3 + i-Ion.
Ukuvuselelwa kwemvume: I-Erbium iqinile emazingeni okushisa asekamelweni, kepha izokwenza kancane emoyeni. Iphendula kancane emanzini nama-acid, ngakho-ke ingahlala izinzile kwezinye izinhlelo.
I-Solubity: I-Erbium iyancibilika kuma-inorganic acid ajwayelekile ukukhiqiza usawoti we-erbium ohambelana nawo.
Ukusabela ngo-oksijini: I-Erbium iphendula nge-oksijini ukuze ihlele ama-oxides, ikakhulukaziI-ER2O3 (I-Erbium dioxide). Lesi isigaxa esibomvu esibomvu esisetshenziswa kakhulu ku-Curamic Glazes kanye nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.
Ukusabela nge-halogens: I-Erbium ingaphendula ngama-halogens ukwakha ama-halide ahambisanayo, njengeI-Erbium Fluoride (I-ERF3), I-Erbium Chloride (Ercl3), njll.
Ukusabela ngesibabule: I-Erbium ingasabela ngesibabule ukwakha ama-sulfides, njengeI-Erbium Sulfide (ER2S3).
Ukusabela nge-nitrogen: I-Erbium iphendula nge-nitrogen ukwakhaI-Erbium nitride (ern).
Izakhiwo: I-Erbium yakha izakhiwo ezahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi kumakhemikhali e-organometallic. Lezi zinhlobo zenani lesicelo eCatalysis kanye nezinye izinkambu.
I-Isotopes Ezinzile: I-Erbium inama-isotopes amaningi aqinile, okuchichima kakhulu okungu-ER-166. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Erbium inama-isotopes athile omsakazo, kepha ukuchichima kwabo okuningi kuphansi.
Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali ze-Element ERBIUM zenza kube yingxenye ebalulekile yezicelo eziningi zobuchwepheshe obuphakeme, ekhombisa ukuguquguquka kwayo emikhakheni ehlukene.
Izakhiwo zebhayoloji ze-Erbium
I-Erbium inezinto ezimbalwa zemvelo eziphilayo ezintweni eziphilayo, kepha ezinye izifundo zikhombisile ukuthi zingabamba iqhaza kwezinye izinqubo zebhayoloji ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.
Ukutholakala Kwebhayoloji: I-Erbium yinto yokulandela izidalwa eziningi, kepha ama-bioavailability awo ezintweni eziphilayo aphansi.Uhlobo linthanumI-ion kunzima ukugxila futhi isetshenziswe yizinto eziphilayo, ngakho-ke akuvamile ukuba zibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ezintweni eziphilayo.
Ubuthi: I-Erbium ngokuvamile ithathwa njengenobuthi obuphansi, ikakhulukazi ngokuqhathaniswa nezinye izinto zomhlaba ezingandile. Amakhompiyutha e-Erbium abhekwa njengengozi ngokungabi nabungozi ekugxileni okuthile. Kodwa-ke, ukugxila okuphezulu kwama-lanthanum ion kungaba nemiphumela emibi ezintweni eziphilayo, njengokulimala kweseli nokuphazanyiswa ngemisebenzi yemvelo.
Ukubamba iqhaza kwebhayoloji: Yize i-Erbium inemisebenzi embalwa ezintweni eziphilayo, ezinye izifundo zikhombisile ukuthi zingabamba iqhaza kwezinye izinqubo ezithile zebhayoloji. Isibonelo, ezinye izifundo zikhombisile ukuthi i-Erbium ingadlala indima ethile ekuthuthukiseni ukukhula nokuqhakaza kwezitshalo.
Izicelo zezokwelapha: I-Erbium kanye namakhompiyutha ayo futhi zinazo izinhlelo ezithile emkhakheni wezokwelapha. Isibonelo, i-Erbium ingasetshenziswa ekwelapheni ama-radionuclides athile, njenge-ejenti ehlukile yepheshana lesisu, kanye nesengezo sokusiza ngezidakamizwa ezithile. Emcabangweni wezokwelapha, amakhompiyutha e-ERBIUM kwesinye isikhathi asetshenziswa njengama-ejenti ahlukile.
Okuqukethwe emzimbeni: I-Erbium ikhona ngamanani amancane emvelo, ngakho-ke okuqukethwe kwayo ezintweni eziningi kuphansi futhi kuphansi. Kwezinye izifundo, kutholakele ukuthi ama-microorganisms nezitshalo angakwazi ukudonsa futhi aqoqe i-erbium.
Kumele kwaziwe ukuthi i-Erbium akuyona into ebalulekile emzimbeni womuntu, ngakho ukuqonda kwemisebenzi yaso yemvelo kusakhawulelwe. Njengamanje, ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwe-Erbium kusagxiliwe emikhakheni yezobuchwepheshe efana ne-Material Science, Optics, nomuthi, kunokuba kube emkhakheni we-biology.
Ukumbiwa phansi nokukhiqizwa kwe-Erbium
I-Erbium yinto eyingqayizivele yomhlaba engajwayelekile ngokwemvelo.
1. Ukuba khona ku-crust womhlaba: I-Erbium ikhona ekuqothulweni komhlaba, kepha okuqukethwe kwayo kuphansi. Okuqukethwe kwalo okuphakathi kumayelana no-0,3 mg / kg. I-Erbium ikakhulukazi ikhona ngesimo se-ores, kanye nezinye izinto zomhlaba ezingandile.
2. Ukusatshalaliswa ku-Ores: I-Erbium ikakhulukazi ikhona ngendlela ye-Ores. Ama-ores ajwayelekile afaka i-YTTRIUM ERBIM ORE, I-Erbium Aluminium Stone, I-Erbium Potassium Stone, njll. Lezi ores zivame ukuqukatha ezinye izinto zomhlaba ezingandile ngasikhathi sinye. I-Erbium imvamisa ikhona kwifomu le-trivallent.
3. Amazwe amakhulu okukhiqiza: Amazwe amakhulu okukhiqizwa kwe-Erbium afaka iChina, e-United States, e-Australia, eBrazil, njll la mazwe adlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwezinto zomhlaba ezingandile.
I-4. Indlela yokukhipha: I-Erbium imvamisa ikhishwe kusuka ku-Ores ngenqubo yokukhishwa kwezinto zomhlaba ezingavamile. Lokhu kubandakanya uchungechunge lwezinyathelo zamakhemikhali nezinto zokutayela zokuhlukanisa nokuhlanza i-erbium.
I-5. Ubudlelwano nezinye izinto: I-Erbium inezici ezifanayo kwezinye izinto zomhlaba ezingandile, ngakho-ke kwinqubo yokukhishwa nokuhlukanisa, kuvame ukucubungula ukucubungula indawo yokuhlala emhlabeni kanye nezinye izinto zomhlaba ezinqabile.
I-6. Izindawo zezicelo: I-Erbium isetshenziswa kabanzi emkhakheni wesayensi nobuchwepheshe, ikakhulukazi ezokuxhumana okubonakalayo, ubuchwepheshe be-laser kanye nokucabanga kwezokwelapha. Ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo zokulwa nengilazi, i-Erbium nayo isetshenziswa lapho kulungiswa ingilazi ye-optical.
Yize i-Erbium ayivamile ku-crust yomhlaba, ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezihlukile kwezicelo eziningi zobuchwepheshe, isidingo sayo sikhuphuke kancane, okuholela ekuthuthukisweni okuqhubekayo kanye nokwenza ngcono ubuchwepheshe obuhlobene nezimayini kanye nokwenziwa ngcono kwezobuchwepheshe.
Izindlela ezivamile zokutholwa ze-Erbium
Izindlela zokutholwa ze-Erbium zivame ukubandakanya amasu wokuhlaziya wamakhemikhali. Lokhu okulandelayo ukwethulwa okuningiliziwe kwezinye izindlela ezisetshenziswayo ezisetshenziswayo ze-Erbium:
1. I-atomic amunction spectrometry (AAS): I-AAS iyindlela esetshenziswa kakhulu yokuhlaziywa kwenani elifanelekile ukuthola okuqukethwe kwezinto zensimbi kusampula. E-AAS, isampula ihanjiswa futhi yadlula ngogongolo lokukhanya kwe-wavelength ethile, futhi ubukhulu bokukhanya obuke kutholwe kusampula kutholwe ukunquma ukugxila kwento.
2 Ku-ICP-Oes, isampula idlula nge-plasma ehlanganisiwe ehlanganisiwe ukukhiqiza i-plasma yokushisa ephezulu ethokozela ama-athomu kusampula ukuze akhiphe i-spectrum. Ngokuthola i-wavelength kanye nokuqina kokukhanya okukhishwe, ukugxila kwento ngayinye kusampula kunganqunywa.
3. I-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS): I-ICP-MS ihlanganisa isizukulwane se-plasma ehlanganiswe ngokungemuva ngokulungiswa okuphezulu kwe-mass spectrometry futhi ingasetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya okuqala ekugxileni okuphansi kakhulu. Kuma-ICP-MS, isampula livinjelwe futhi i-Ionized, bese litholwa yi-Mass Spectrometer ukuthola i-Mass Spectrum yento ngayinye, ngaleyo ndlela inqume ukugxila kwayo.
I-4. I-Fluorescence Spectroscopy: I-Fleorescence Spectroscopy inquma ukugxila ngokuthokozisa into ye-Erbium kusampula kanye nokulinganisa isiginali ye-fluorescence. Le ndlela isebenza kahle kakhulu ekulandeleleni izinto zomhlaba ezingandile.
I-5. I-Chromatography: I-Chromatography ingasetshenziswa ukuhlukanisa nokubona amakhompiyutha we-erbium. Isibonelo, i-ION Shintsha i-Chromatography kanye ne-Revesmed Isigaba Uketshezi Chromatography ingafakwa zombili ekuhlaziyweni kwe-Erbium.
Lezi zindlela zivame ukudinga ukwenziwa endaweni yelabhoratri futhi zidinga ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi athuthukile nemishini. Ukukhethwa kwendlela efanele yokutholwa kuvame ukuncika ngohlobo lwesampula, ukuzwela okudingekayo, ukulungiswa, kanye nokutholakala kwemishini yelebhu.
Ukusetshenziswa okukhethekile kwendlela yokutholwa kwe-athomu yokulinganisa into ye-Erbium
Ekulinganisweni kwe-Element, Indlela yokutholwa kwe-athomu inokunemba okuphezulu nokuzwela, futhi ihlinzeka ngezindlela ezisebenzayo zokutadisha izakhiwo zamakhemikhali, ukwakheka okuhlanganisiwe kanye nokuqukethwe kwezakhi.
Okulandelayo, sisebenzisa indlela yokutholwa kwe-athomu ukukala okuqukethwe kwento ye-Erbium. Izinyathelo ezithile zinjengokulandelayo:
Okokuqala, kuyadingeka ukulungiselela isampula equkethe into ye-ERBIUM. Isampula ingaqina, uketshezi noma igesi. Okwasampula aqinile, kuvame ukudingekile ukuncibilikisa noma ukuncibilikisa ngenqubo eyalandela yokuhlanza i-atomization.
Khetha i-atomic athomu yokumunca i-athomu. Ngokusho kwezakhiwo zesampula zilinganiswe nohlu lokuqukethwe kwe-Erbium okufanele zilinganiswe, khetha i-atomic athomu amuncyrometer.
Lungisa amapharamitha we-athomu amunculic Spectrometer. Ngokusho kwento okufanele ilinganiswe kanye nemodeli yensimbi, lungisa amapharamitha we-athomu amuncy spectrometer, kufaka phakathi umthombo wokukhanya, i-athomu, umtshina, njll.
Ukukala umuzwa wento ye-Erbium. Beka isampula ukuze ihlolwe ku-Atomizer, futhi ukhiphe imisebe ekhanyayo ye-wavelength ethile ngomthombo wokukhanya. Into ye-Erbium okufanele ihlolwe izodonsa le misebe yokukhanya futhi ikhiqize inguquko ye-Energy Level. Ukudonswa kwento ye-ERBIUM kulinganiswa ngumtshina.
Bala okuqukethwe kwento ye-Erbium. Bala okuqukethwe kwento ye-Erbium kususelwa ekunciphiseni nasekujikeni okujwayelekile.
Esiteji sesayensi, i-Erbium, nezakhiwo zayo ezingaqondakali futhi ezihlukile, zingeze ukuthinta okumangalisayo ekuhlolweni kobuchwepheshe bobuchwepheshe kanye nokwenza izinto ezintsha. Ukusuka ekujuleni kokuqothuka komhlaba kuya kwizicelo eziphakeme zelebhu, uhambo luka-Erbium zikubone ukuphishekela isintu ukuphishekela imfihlakalo yento. Uhlelo lwayo lokuxhumana okubonakalayo, ubuchwepheshe be-laser nezokwelapha bufake amathuba amaningi ezimpilweni zethu, kusivumele ukuba sibheke ezindaweni ezaze zavela.
Njengoba nje i-Erbium ikhanya ngocezu lwengilazi yekristalu ku-Optics ukukhanyisa umgwaqo ongaziwa ngaphambili, ivula umnyango kwalasha ngolwazi kubacwaningi bezesayensi. I-Erbium akuyona inkanyezi ecwebezelayo kuphela etafuleni lesikhathi, kodwa futhi nomsizi onamandla wesintu ukukhuphuka inani eliphakeme lesayensi nobuchwepheshe.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi eminyakeni ezayo, singabheka imfihlakalo ye-Erbium ngokujulile futhi sigaye izinhlelo ezinhle kakhulu, ukuze le "element star" izoqhubeka ikhanye futhi ikhanyise indlela eya phambili ekuthuthukisweni komuntu. Indaba ye-Element Erement iqhubeka, futhi silindele ukuthi yiziphi izimangaliso zesikhathi esizayo ze-Erbium esizosikhombisa zona esiteji sesayensi.
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Isikhathi sePosi: Nov-21-2024