Noi oMea Honua Lakaʻikaʻis i ka ʻenehana koa hou
Ma ke ʻano he mea hana kūikawā, ʻike ʻia ʻo "ka hale waiwai" o nā mea hou, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka maikaʻi a me ka hana o nā huahana ʻē aʻe, a ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka "vitamin" o ka ʻoihana hou.ʻAʻole wale ia i hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā ʻoihana kuʻuna e like me ka metallurgy, ka ʻoihana petrochemical, nā seramika aniani, ka wili hulu hipa, ka ʻili a me ka mahiʻai, akā ke pāʻani nei hoʻi i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i nā kahua o nā mea e like me ka fluorescence, magnetism, laser, Fiber-optic kamaʻilio, hydrogen waihona ikehu, superconductivity, etc, Ua pili pono i ka wikiwiki a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻoihana ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe e kū mai ana e like me Optical instrument, electronics, aerospace, nuclear industry, etc. ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenehana koa hou.
ʻO ka hana kūikawā i pāʻani ʻia e nā mea hou o ka honua hou i ka ʻenehana pūʻali koa hou ua hoʻokipa nui i ka manaʻo o nā aupuni a me nā loea mai nā ʻāina like ʻole, e like me ka helu ʻia ʻana ma ke ʻano he kumu nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻoihana ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe a me nā ʻenehana koa e nā keʻena kūpono i ka ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Iapana a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe.
He Hōʻike Pōkole i nā Honua Rare a me ko lākou pilina me ka Koa a me ka Puʻukū Lahui
ʻO ka'ōlelo paʻa, nā mea a paumea ʻeleʻele laha ʻoleloaʻa i kekahi mau hoʻohana pūʻali koa, akā ʻo ka hana koʻikoʻi i ka pale aupuni a me nā kahua kaua ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka laser ranging, alakaʻi laser, kamaʻilio laser a me nā kahua ʻē aʻe.
Hoʻohana ʻia o Rare Earth Steel a me Nodular Cast Iron i ka ʻenehana koa hou
1.1 Hoʻohana ʻana i ke kila Rare Earth i ka ʻenehana koa hou
ʻO kāna mau hana ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, hoʻololi, a me ka hoʻohui ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi me ka desulfurization, deoxidation, a me ka wehe ʻana i ke kinoea, e hoʻopau ana i ka mana o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka palaoa a me ka hoʻolālā, e pili ana i ka pae hoʻololi o ke kila, a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i kona hardenability a me nā waiwai mechanical. .Ua hoʻomohala ka poʻe koa ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana i nā ʻano mea like ʻole i kūpono no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kaua ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia waiwai o ka honua rare.
1.1.1 kila kila
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 1960, ua hoʻomaka ka ʻoihana mea kaua o Kina i ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāina laha ʻole i ke kila kila a me ke kila pū, a ua hoʻopuka hou ʻia nā mea kila kila e like me 601, 603, a me 623, e hoʻomaka ana i kahi au hou kahi mea nui. i loko o Kina ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka home.
1.1.2 Ke kila kalapona honua laha ole
I ka waena waena o 1960s, ua hoʻohui ʻo Kina i 0.05% o nā mea ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele i ke kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe e hana ai i ke kila kalapona honua.Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka waiwai hopena ʻaoʻao o kēia kila honua laha ʻole e 70% a i 100% i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kila kalapona kumu, a ua hoʻonui ʻia ka waiwai hopena ma -40 ℃ kokoke i ʻelua.Ua hōʻoiaʻiʻoʻia ka pahu pahu nui-diameter i hanaʻia i kēia kila ma o nā ho'āʻo pana i loko o ka pana pua e hoʻokō pono i nā koiʻenehana.I kēia manawa, ua hoʻopau ʻia ʻo Kina a hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka hana, e hoʻokō ana i ka makemake lōʻihi o Kina e pani i ke keleawe me ke kila i nā mea pahu pahu.
1.1.3 Ke kila manganese kiʻekiʻe o ka honua a me ke kila hoʻolei honua
Hoʻohana ʻia ke kila manganese kiʻekiʻe o ka honua no ka hana ʻana i nā kāmaʻa track tank, a ua hoʻohana ʻia ke kila kila kila no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻēheu huelo, muzzle brake a me nā ʻāpana hana artillery o ka kiʻekiʻe Armour-piercing discarding sabot, hiki ke hōʻemi i nā kaʻina hana. hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ke kila, a hoʻokō i nā hōʻailona tactical a me nā ʻenehana.
I ka wā ma mua, ua hana ʻia nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia no nā kino projectile o ke keʻena mua ma Kina i ka hao semi rigid cast iron me ka hao puaʻa kiʻekiʻe i hoʻohui ʻia me 30% a 40% scrap steel.Ma muli o kona ikaika haʻahaʻa, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, haʻahaʻa a ʻoi ʻole ka helu o nā ʻāpana maikaʻi ma hope o ka pahū ʻana, a me ka mana pepehi nāwaliwali, ua pale ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kino projectile mua.Mai ka makahiki 1963, ua hana ʻia nā ʻano calibers o nā pūpū mortar me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hao ductile honua, i hoʻonui i ko lākou mau waiwai mechanical e 1-2 mau manawa, hoʻonui i ka helu o nā ʻāpana kūpono, a hoʻonui i ka ʻoi o nā ʻāpana, hoʻonui nui i ko lākou mana pepehi.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka helu kūpono o nā ʻāpana a me ka radius pepehi ikaika o kekahi ʻano pū kani a me Field i hana ʻia i kēia mea ma Kina ma mua o nā pūpū kila.
Ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe honua ʻole ferrous e like me ka magnesium a me ka alumini i ka ʻenehana koa hou
honua laha oleLoaʻa i ka hana kemika kiʻekiʻe a me ka radius Atomic nui.Ke hoʻohui ʻia i nā metala non-ferrous a me kā lākou mau ʻāpana, hiki iā ia ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā kīʻaha, pale i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, degassing, ka wehe ʻana i ka haumia a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano metallographic, i mea e hoʻokō ai i ke kumu holoʻokoʻa o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā waiwai mechanical, nā waiwai kino a me nā waiwai hana. .Ua hoʻomohala nā mea hana ma ka home a me nā ʻāina ʻē i nā ʻāpana magnesium honua hou, nā alumini alumini, nā titanium alloys, a me nā superalloys ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia waiwai o ka honua laha.Ua hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia mau huahana i nā ʻenehana koa hou e like me nā mokulele fighter, assault aircraft, helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles, and missile satellites.
2.1 ʻAi kaʻaʻole honua magnesium
ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe magnesium honuaLoaʻa i ka ikaika kikoʻī kiʻekiʻe, hiki ke hōʻemi i ke kaumaha o ka mokulele, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana tactical, a loaʻa nā manaʻo noiʻi ākea.ʻO nā mea hoʻohui magnesium honua laha ʻole i hoʻomohala ʻia e China Aviation Industry Corporation (i kapa ʻia ʻo AVIC) ma kahi o 10 mau māka o nā alloys magnesium cast a me nā alloy magnesium deformed, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka nui o ia mau mea i ka hana ʻana a ua paʻa ka maikaʻi.No ka laʻana, ZM 6 hoʻolei i ka magnesium alloy me ka honua metala neodymium e like me ka mea hoʻohui nui i hoʻonui ʻia e hoʻohana ʻia no nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi e like me nā pahu hōʻemi hope o ka helikopter, nā iwi ʻēheu hakakā, a me nā papa puʻu rotor no nā mea hana 30 kW.ʻO ka honua laha ʻole ka magnesium alloy BM 25 i hoʻomohala pū ʻia e AVIC Corporation a me Nonferrous Metals Corporation ua pani i kekahi mau alumini alumini ikaika ikaika a ua hoʻohana ʻia i nā mokulele hopena.
2.2 ʻAi ʻia ka honua titanium alloy
I ka 1970s mua, ua hoʻololi ka Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials (i kapa ʻia ʻo Institute of Aeronautical Materials) i kekahi alumini a me ke silika me ka cerium metala honua ʻole (Ce) i nā alloys titanium Ti-A1-Mo, e kaupalena ana i ka ua o nā wahi brittle a. ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kūpaʻa wela o ka alloy me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i kona kūpaʻa wela.Ma kēia kumu, ua kūkulu ʻia kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe-hana hoʻolei titanium alloy ZT3 i loaʻa ka cerium.Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea hoʻohui honua like ʻole, loaʻa iā ia kekahi mau mea maikaʻi e pili ana i ka ikaika pale wela a me ka hana kaʻina hana.Hoʻohana ʻia ka pahu compressor i hana ʻia me ia no ka ʻenekini W PI3 II, me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa kaumaha o 39 kg no kēlā me kēia mokulele a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka pākuʻi i ke kaumaha o 1.5%.Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hōʻemi ʻana o nā kaʻina hana ma kahi o 30% ua loaʻa i nā pono ʻenehana a me nā waiwai waiwai, e hoʻopiha ana i ka hakahaka i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pahu titanium cast no nā mīkini mokulele ma Kina ma 500 ℃.Ua hōʻike ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana aia nā mea liʻiliʻi cerium oxide i loko o ka microstructure o ZT3 alloy i loaʻa ka cerium.Hoʻohui ʻo Cerium i kahi hapa o ka oxygen i loko o ka alloy e hana i ka refractory a me ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻeʻohe lepo lāʻaumea, Ce2O3.Hoʻopilikia kēia mau mea i ka neʻe ʻana o nā dislocations i ka wā o ke kaʻina deformation alloy, e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka hana wela kiʻekiʻe o ka alloy.Hoʻopaʻa ʻo Cerium i kahi ʻāpana o nā haumia kinoea (ʻoi loa ma nā palena o ka palaoa), hiki ke hoʻoikaika i ka huila me ka mālama ʻana i ke kūpaʻa wela maikaʻi.ʻO kēia ka hoʻāʻo mua e hoʻopili i ke kumumanaʻo o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka wahi solute paʻakikī i nā alloys titanium cast.Eia kekahi, ua hoʻomohala ka Institute of Aeronautical Materials i kahi paʻa a maʻalahiYttrium(III) oxideke one a me ka pauka ma o nā makahiki o ka noiʻi a me ka ʻenehana lapaʻau mineralization kūikawā i ka titanium alloy solution precision casting process.Ua hōʻea ʻo ia i kahi pae ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma ke ʻano o ka umekaumaha kikoʻī, ka paʻakikī a me ke kūpaʻa i ka wai titanium, a ua hōʻike i nā pōmaikaʻi nui aʻe i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana a me ka kāohi ʻana i ka hana o ka slurry shell.ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻanaYttrium(III) oxideʻO ka pūpū no ka hana ʻana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe titanium ʻo ia ma lalo o ke ʻano o ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻolei ʻana a me ka pae kaʻina e like me ke kaʻina hana tungsten coating, hiki ke hana ʻia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe titanium i ʻoi aku ka lahilahi ma mua o ke kaʻina hana tungsten coating.I kēia manawa, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia kaʻina hana i ka hana ʻana i nā mokulele like ʻole, ka ʻenekini, a me nā hoʻolei kīwila.
2.3 Lahui alumini alumini kakaikahi
ʻO ka HZL206 i hoʻomohala ʻia e AVIC ka mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wela kiʻekiʻe a me ka lumi wela o ka lumi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā alloys haole i loaʻa i ka nickel, a ua hiki i ka pae kiʻekiʻe o nā alloys like ma waho.Hoʻohana ʻia ia i kēia manawa ma ke ʻano he paʻi paʻa paʻa no nā helikopter a me nā mokulele hakakā me ka mahana hana o 300 ℃, e hoʻololi ana i nā mea kila a me nā titanium.Ua hoʻemi ʻia ke kaumaha o ke kūkulu ʻana a ua hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka hana nui.ʻO ka ikaika tensile o ka honua alumini silicon hypereutectic ZL117 alloy ma 200-300 ℃ ma mua o ko West German piston alloys KS280 a me KS282.ʻO kona pale ʻana he 4-5 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka piston alloys ZL108 i hoʻohana mau ʻia, me kahi coefficient liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻonui laina a me ka paʻa o ka dimensional maikaʻi.Ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka mokulele KY-5, KY-7 air compressors, a me ka mokulele kükohu engine pistons.ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea ʻeleʻele koʻikoʻi i nā alumini alumini e hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka microstructure a me nā waiwai mechanical.ʻO ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o nā mea ʻeleʻele i loko o nā alumini alumini: ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka hoʻopuehu ʻia, me nā pūhui alumini liʻiliʻi e pāʻani nui ana i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka lua;ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea ʻeleʻele koʻikoʻi e pāʻani ana i ka hana degassing Catharsis, ma laila e hōʻemi ai i ka nui o nā pores i loko o ka alloy a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana o ka alloy;Hoʻohana ʻia nā pūhui alumini honua ʻokoʻa ma ke ʻano he heterogeneous nuclei e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā kīʻaha a me nā pae eutectic, a he mea hoʻololi pū kekahi;Hoʻoikaika nā mea ʻokoʻa honua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā pae waiwai hao, e hōʻemi ana i kā lākou hopena ʻino.α— Ke emi nei ka nui o ka hao i loko o A1 me ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka hoʻohui honua laha, a he mea maikaʻi hoʻi ia no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ikaika a me ka plasticity.
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe honua i ka ʻenehana koa o kēia wā
3.1 Metala honua laha ole
ʻO nā metala honua maʻemaʻe maʻemaʻe, ma muli o ko lākou mau waiwai kemika, hiki ke hana me ka oxygen, sulfur, a me ka nitrogen e hana i nā pūhui paʻa.Ke hoʻokau ʻia i ka paʻakikī a me ka hopena, hiki i nā ʻōhū ke hoʻā i nā mea hiki ke hoʻā.No laila, i ka makahiki 1908, ua hana ʻia ʻo ia i ʻaʻa.Ua ʻike ʻia aia ma waena o nā mea 17 laha ʻole o ka honua, ʻeono mau mea, me ka cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, praseodymium, samarium, a me yttrium, he hana ahi maikaʻi loa.Ua hana ka poʻe i nā mea kaua ahi e pili ana i nā mea puhi ahi o nā metala honua.No ka laʻana, hoʻohana ka missile 227 kg ʻAmelika "Mark 82" i nā liner metala honua, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopuka wale i nā hopena pepehi kanaka akā i nā hopena ahi.Ua lako ka US air-to-ground "damping man" rocket warhead me 108 rare earth metal square rods ma ke ʻano he liner, e pani ana i kekahi mau ʻāpana i hana mua ʻia.Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻāʻo pahū static i kona hiki ke hoʻāla i ka wahie mokulele he 44% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā mea ʻole.
3.2 Metala lepo laha ole
Ma muli o ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o ka maʻemaʻemetala lepo laha oles, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā metala honua koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi i nā mea puhi ahi ma nā ʻāina like ʻole.Hoʻokomo ʻia ka mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o ka honua metala i loko o ka pūpū metala ma lalo o ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe, me ka nui o ka mea puhi ahi o (1.9 ~ 2.1) × 103 kg/m3, ka wikiwiki o ka puhi ʻana 1.3-1.5 m/s, ke anawaena o ka lapalapa o kahi o 500 mm, a me ka wela wela a hiki i 1715-2000 ℃.Ma hope o ka puhi ʻana, e wela ke kino incandescent ma mua o 5 mau minuke.I ka wā o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana iā Vietnam, ua hoʻohana ka pūʻali koa US i nā mea hoʻolele e hoʻolauna i kahi pahu ahi 40mm, i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka ʻili ʻāʻī i hana ʻia me ka metala ʻano like ʻole.Ma hope o ka pahū ʻana o ka projectile, hiki i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana me kahi lining igniting ke hoʻā i ka pahuhopu.I kēlā manawa, ua hōʻea ka hana o ka mahina i ka 200000 puni, me ka nui o 260000 puni.
3.3 Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o ka honua
Hiki ke hana i ka 200 ~ 3000 kindlings, e uhi ana i kahi wahi nui, e like me ka radius pepehi o Armour-piercing ammunition a me ka pahu pahu pahu pahu.No laila, ua lilo ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā pu multifunctional me ka mana puhi ahi i kekahi o nā kuhikuhi nui o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pōkā ma ka home a ma waho.No ka pahu kila a me ka pahu kila kila, pono kā lākou hana hoʻomaʻamaʻa ma hope o ka hou ʻana i ka pale kaua o ka pahu ʻenemi, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻā i kā lākou wahie a me nā mea kaua e luku loa i ka pahu.No nā grenades, koi ʻia e hoʻāla i nā lako kaua a me nā ʻoihana hoʻolālā i loko o kā lākou papa pepehi.Ua hōʻike ʻia ua hana ʻia kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i hana ʻia ma ka Made in USA me ke aniani fiber reinforced nylon me kahi pahu hoʻoheheʻe honua i hui pū ʻia i loko, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena i ka wahie mokulele a me nā pahuhopu like.
Hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea waiwai o ka honua ma ka pale kaua a me ka ʻenehana nuklea
4.1 Noi ma ka ʻenehana pale kaua koa
Loaʻa i nā mea lāʻau laha ʻole i ka radiation.Ua hana ka National Neutron cross section Center o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ʻelua ʻano papa me ka mānoanoa o 10 mm ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea polymer ma ke ʻano he kumu kumu, me ka hoʻohui ʻole ʻana o nā mea honua laha ʻole, no nā hoʻokolohua pale radiation.Hōʻike nā hualoaʻa he 5-6 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena pale neutron wela o nā mea polymer honua laha ʻole.Ma waena o lākou, ʻo nā mea ʻāina laha ʻole me Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ka nui loa o ka neutron Absorption cross section a me ka hopena hopu neutron maikaʻi.I kēia manawa, ʻo ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o nā mea pale radiation honua maʻamau i ka ʻenehana koa e pili ana i kēia mau ʻano.
4.1.1 Ka pale ʻana i ka radiation nuklea
Hoʻohana ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i 1% boron a me 5% mau mea ʻano honua lahagadolinium, samariumalanthanume hana i ka 600mm mānoanoa hōʻike pāhawewe hōʻoia no ka pale ʻana i ka fission Neutron kumu o ka ʻauʻau reactor.Ua hoʻomohala ʻo Palani i kahi mea hoʻomalu radiation honua ma o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka Boride, ka mea hoʻohui honua ʻole a i ʻole nā mea hoʻohui honua i ka graphite ma ke ʻano kumu.ʻO ka mea hoʻopihapiha o kēia mea pale i hoʻohui ʻia e pono e hoʻokaʻawale like ʻia a hana ʻia i loko o nā ʻāpana prefabricated, i kau ʻia a puni ke kahawai reactor e like me nā koi like ʻole o ka wahi pale.
4.1.2 Ka pale ʻana i ka pāhawewe wela
Aia ia i ʻehā mau ʻāpana veneer, me ka mānoanoa o 5-20 cm.ʻO ka papa mua i hana ʻia me ke aniani fiber reinforced plastic, me ka pauka inorganic i hoʻohui ʻia me 2% o nā mea hoʻohui honua laha ʻole ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopiha no ka pale ʻana i nā neutron wikiwiki a hoʻopaʻa i nā neutron lohi;Hoʻohui ka papa ʻelua a me ke kolu i ka boron graphite, polystyrene, a me nā mea ʻeleʻele laha ʻole e helu ana no 10% o ka hoʻopiha piha ʻana i ka mua no ka pale ʻana i nā neutron ikehu waena a hoʻopaʻa i nā neutron thermal;Hoʻohana ka papa ʻehā i ka graphite ma kahi o ke aniani aniani, a hoʻohui i 25% o nā mea hoʻohui honua laha e hoʻomoʻa i nā neutrons wela.
4.1.3 Nā mea ʻē aʻe
Hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā uhi pale pāhawewe laha ʻole i nā kaʻa, nā moku, nā hale hoʻomalu, a me nā mea kaua ʻē aʻe e hiki ke loaʻa i kahi hopena pale radiation.
4.2 Hoʻohana i ka ʻenehana Nukelea
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka honua laha ʻole Yttrium(III) oxide ma ke ʻano he mea puhi ahi o ka wahie uranium ma ka paila wai reactor (BWR).Ma waena o nā mea a pau, loaʻa i ka gadolinium ka mana ikaika loa e komo i nā neutrons, me kahi 4600 mau pahuhopu no kēlā me kēia atom.Hoʻopili kēlā me kēia gadolinium atom i ka awelika o 4 neutrons ma mua o ka hiki ʻole.Ke hui pū ʻia me ka uranium fissionable, hiki i ka gadolinium ke hoʻoikaika i ka puhi ʻana, hoʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka uranium, a hoʻonui i ka ikehu.ʻAʻole like me ka Boron carbide,Gadolinium(III) oxideʻAʻole ia e hoʻopuka i ka deuterium, kahi huahana ʻino.Hiki iā ia ke hoʻohālikelike i ka wahie uranium a me kāna mea uhi i ka hopena Nuklear.ʻO ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka gadolinium ma kahi o ka boron ʻo ia ka hiki ke hoʻohui pono ʻia ka gadolinium me ka uranium e pale ai i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke koʻokoʻo nuklea.Wahi a nā helu helu, aia he 149 nukelea reactors i hoʻolālā ʻia e kūkulu ʻia a puni ka honua, ʻo 115 o ia mau mea hoʻoheheʻe wai kaomi e hoʻohana ana.pepeiao laha oleh Gadolinium(III) oxide.samarium kakaikahi,europium, a ua hoʻohana ʻia ka dysprosium ma ke ʻano he neutron absorbers i nā neutron breeder reactors.honua laha oleyttriumLoaʻa iā ia kahi ʻāpana hopu liʻiliʻi i loko o nā neutrons a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he paipu no nā reactors paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka pepa lahilahi i hoʻohui ʻia me ka gadolinium honua a me ka dysprosium ma ke ʻano he neutron field detector i ka aerospace a me ka ʻenehana ʻenehana nuklea, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi mea liʻiliʻi o ka thulium honua a me ka erbium e like me ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia o ka pahu Neutron generator. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka europium oxide iron cermet e hana i kahi pā kākoʻo hoʻokele reactor i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka gadolinium honua laʻa ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui e pale ai i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka pōkā neutron, a ʻo nā kaʻa pale kaua i uhi ʻia me kahi uhi kūikawā i loko o ka gadolinium oxide hiki ke pale i ka neutron radiation.Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Rare Earth ytterbium i nā mea hana no ke ana ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi o ka honua i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā pahū nuklea lalo.Ke hoʻokau ʻia ka ytterbium honua maʻamau i ka ikaika, piʻi ke kū'ē, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kūʻē e helu i ke kaomi i hoʻohana ʻia.Hiki ke ho'ohana 'ia ka ho'opili 'ana i ke ko'iko'i nuklea ki'eki'e ka ho'opili 'ana i ka gadolinium foil laha 'ole i waiho 'ia a ho'opa'a 'ia me kahi mea ko'iko'i ko'iko'i.
Noi o 5 Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Materials in Modern Military Technology
ʻO ka honua laha ʻole, ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hanauna hou o ke aliʻi magnetic, ʻo ia ka mea kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe loa i ʻike ʻia.Loaʻa iā ia ma mua o 100 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ke kila magnetic i hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea kaua i nā makahiki 1970.I kēia manawa, ua lilo ia i mea koʻikoʻi i ke kamaʻilio ʻenehana uila hou.Hoʻohana ʻia ia i loko o ka huakaʻi hele a me nā circulators i nā satelite honua artificial, radars a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.No laila, he koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi ka pūʻali koa.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā mākēneki SmCo a me NdFeB no ka kukuna electron e kālele ana i ka ʻōnaehana alakaʻi Missile.ʻO nā mākēneki ka mea nui o ka electron beam, e hoʻouna i ka ʻikepili i ka ʻaoʻao mana o ka missile.Aia ma kahi o 5-10 paona (2.27-4.54 kg) o nā magnet i kēlā me kēia mea alakaʻi alakaʻi o ka missile.Eia kekahi, hoʻohana pū ʻia nā mea magnet honua e hoʻokele i nā kaʻa a hoʻohuli i ka Rudder#Aircraft rudders o nā missiles alakaʻi.ʻO kā lākou mau mea maikaʻi ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka magnetism a me ke kaumaha māmā ma mua o nā magnet Al Ni Co kumu.
Hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea laser Rare Earth i ka ʻenehana koa o kēia wā
ʻO Laser kahi ʻano kumu kukui hou i loaʻa ka monochromaticity maikaʻi, directionality, a coherence, a hiki ke hoʻokō i ka ʻōlinolino kiʻekiʻe.Ua hānau ʻia nā mea laser laser a me ka honua i ka manawa like.I kēia manawa, ma kahi o 90% o nā mea laser e pili ana i nā honua laha.No ka laʻana, ʻo Yttrium alumini garnet crystal he laser i hoʻohana nui ʻia e hiki ke loaʻa ka mana kiʻekiʻe mau i ka lumi wela.ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lasers solid-state i ka pūʻali koa hou e pili ana i kēia mau ʻaoʻao.
6.1 Hoʻopili laser
ʻO ka neodymium doped yttrium alumini garnet i hoʻomohala ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Pelekane, Farani, Kelemānia a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe ke ana i kahi mamao o 4000 ~ 20000 m me ka pololei o 5 m.ʻO nā ʻōnaehana mea kaua e like me ka US MI, Kelemānia Leopard II, Farani's Lecler, Iapana's Type 90, Israel's Mekava, a me ka pahu pahu Pelekane Challenger 2 hou loa e hoʻohana nei i kēia ʻano mea hoʻokele laser.I kēia manawa, ke hoʻomohala nei kekahi mau ʻāina i kahi hanauna hou o nā mākaʻikaʻi laser mokuʻāina paʻa no ka palekana o ka maka o ke kanaka, me ka lōʻihi o ka hana ʻana mai ka 1.5 a hiki i ka 2.1 μ M. ʻO ka mea nānā lima lima lima i hoʻomohala ʻia e United States a me United Kingdom me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka holmium doped. Loaʻa i ka Yttrium lithium fluoride laser kahi hui hana o 2.06 μ M, a hiki i 3000 m.Ua hoʻohana pū ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me International Laser Company i ka erbium-doped Yttrium lithium fluoride laser a ua hoʻomohala i ka lōʻihi hawewe o 1.73 μ M's laser rangefinder a me nā pūʻali i lako nui.ʻO 1.06 μM ka lōʻihi hawewe o nā pūʻali koa Kina, mai 200 a 7000 m.I ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā rockets lōʻihi, missiles a me nā satelite kamaʻilio hoʻāʻo, ua loaʻa iā Kina ka ʻikepili koʻikoʻi i ke ana ʻana ma o Laser TV Theodolite.
6.2 Alakaʻi Laser
Hoʻohana nā pahu alakaʻi laser i nā lasers no ke alakaʻi ʻana.Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ka pahuhopu me kahi laser Nd · YAG e hoʻokuʻu ana i ka nui o nā pulses i kēlā me kēia kekona.Hoʻopili ʻia nā pulupulu, a hiki i nā pulu māmā ke alakaʻi i ka pane o ka missile, a laila e pale aku ai i ke keakea ʻana mai ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka missile a me nā pilikia i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ka ʻenemi.No ka laʻana, ʻo ka pūʻali koa US GBV-15 Glide bomb i kapa ʻia ʻo "smart bomb".Pēlā nō, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā pūpū alakaʻi laser.
6.3 Kūkākūkā laser
Ma waho aʻe o Nd · Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka YAG no ke kamaʻilio laser, ʻo ka hoʻopuka laser o ka lithium tetra Neodymium(III) phosphate crystal (LNP) he polarized a maʻalahi hoʻi e hoʻololi.Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea micro laser maikaʻi loa, kūpono no ke kumu māmā o ka kamaʻilio fiber optical, a manaʻo ʻia e hoʻopili ʻia i nā optics integrated a me ke kamaʻilio ākea.Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka Yttrium iron garnet (Y3Fe5O12) hoʻokahi aniani e like me nā ʻano hawewe o ka honua magnetostatic e ka microwave integration kaʻina, ka mea e hoʻohui ʻia ai nā mea hana a liʻiliʻi, a loaʻa iā ia nā noi kūikawā i ka radar remote control a me ka telemetry, hoʻokele a me nā countermeasures uila.
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana o 7 Rare Earth Superconducting Materials in Modern Military Technology
Ke haʻahaʻa ka mea ma mua o kahi mahana, ʻo ke ʻano o ka pale ʻana he zero, ʻo ia hoʻi, Superconductivity.ʻO ka mahana ka wela koʻikoʻi (Tc).He antimagnets nā superconductor.Ke emi ka mahana ma mua o ka mahana koʻikoʻi, hoʻokuʻu nā superconductors i kekahi kahua magnetic e hoʻāʻo e pili iā lākou.ʻO kēia ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Meissner effect.Hiki ke hoʻonui nui i ka wela koʻikoʻi Tc ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea ʻene honua laha i nā mea superconducting.Ua hoʻoikaika nui kēia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea superconducting.I ka makahiki 1980, ua hoʻohui pū ʻia ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Iapana a me nā ʻāina kūkulu ʻē aʻe i kekahi nui o ka lanthanum, yttrium, europium, erbium a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe honua ʻē aʻe i nā pūhui Barium oxide a me Copper(II) oxide, i hui pū ʻia, kaomi ʻia a sintered. hana i nā mea hana ceramic superconducting, e hana ana i ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o ka ʻenehana superconducting, ʻoi aku ka nui ma nā noi koa, ʻoi aku ka nui.
7.1 Superconducting integrated circuits
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hana nā ʻāina ʻē i ka noiʻi e pili ana i ka noi ʻana o ka ʻenehana superconducting i nā kamepiula uila, a ua hoʻomohala i nā superconducting integrated circuits me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea ceramic superconducting.Inā hoʻohana ʻia kēia kaapuni i hoʻohui ʻia e hana i nā kamepiula superconducting, ʻaʻole wale ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, ka paona māmā, a maʻalahi hoʻi e hoʻohana, akā he 10 a 100 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki ma mua o nā kamepiula semiconductor.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iune-29-2023