Kev Siv Cov Khoom Siv Hauv Ntiaj Teb Tsis tshua muaj nyob rau niaj hnub tub rog Technology

Daim ntawv thov ntawmRare Earth Materials hauv Modern Military Technology

Raws li cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb, lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj, hu ua "lub tsev khoom muaj nqis" ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshiab, tuaj yeem txhim kho zoo thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm lwm cov khoom, thiab hu ua "vitamin" ntawm kev lag luam niaj hnub no.Nws tsis yog tsuas yog siv dav hauv kev lag luam ib txwm muaj xws li metallurgy, petrochemical kev lag luam, iav ceramics, wool spinning, tawv thiab kev ua liaj ua teb, tab sis kuj tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov khoom siv xws li fluorescence, magnetism, laser, Fiber-optic kev sib txuas lus, hydrogen cia lub zog, superconductivity, thiab lwm yam, Nws ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau kev ceev thiab theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov tshiab high-tech industries xws li Optical instrument, electronics, aerospace, nuclear kev lag luam, thiab lwm yam. txoj kev loj hlob ntawm niaj hnub tub rog technology.

Lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb ua los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshiab hauv ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv cov tub rog niaj hnub thev naus laus zis tau nthuav dav kev nyiam ntawm tsoomfwv thiab cov kws tshaj lij los ntawm ntau lub tebchaws, xws li tau teev npe raws li lub hauv paus tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho kev lag luam high-tech thiab tub rog siv tshuab los ntawm cov tuam haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam. Tebchaws Asmeskas, Nyiv, thiab lwm lub tebchaws.

Kev Taw Qhia luv luv rau Lub Ntiaj Teb Tsis tshua muaj thiab lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog Tub Rog thiab Kev Tiv Thaiv Hauv Tebchaws

Hais nruj me ntsis, txhua tustsawg ntiaj teb cov ntsiab lusmuaj qee yam kev siv tub rog, tab sis lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev tiv thaiv hauv tebchaws thiab kev ua tub rog yuav tsum yog daim ntawv thov kev siv laser, kev taw qhia laser, kev sib txuas lus laser thiab lwm yam haujlwm.

 Daim ntawv thov ntawm Rare Earth Steel thiab Nodular cam khwb cia hlau nyob rau hauv niaj hnub tub rog Technology

 1.1 Daim ntawv thov ntawm Rare Earth Steel nyob rau hauv niaj hnub tub rog Technology

Nws lub luag haujlwm suav nrog kev ua kom huv, hloov kho, thiab alloying, feem ntau suav nrog desulfurization, deoxidation, thiab tshem tawm roj, tshem tawm cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov melting point teeb meem impurities, refining grain thiab cov qauv, cuam tshuam rau theem hloov point ntawm steel, thiab txhim kho nws hardenability thiab mechanical zog. .Tub rog kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis cov neeg ua haujlwm tau tsim ntau yam khoom siv tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb uas tsim nyog rau kev siv riam phom los ntawm kev siv cov cuab yeej ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj.

 1.1.1 Armor steel

 Raws li thaum ntxov xyoo 1960, Tuam Tshoj txoj kev lag luam riam phom tau pib tshawb fawb txog kev siv lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv armor steel thiab phom hlau, thiab ua tiav tsim cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb xws li 601, 603, thiab 623, ushering nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm tshiab uas cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb. nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj lub tank ntau lawm raws li domestically.

 1.1.2 Tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb carbon steel

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1960s, Tuam Tshoj ntxiv 0.05% tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb cov ntsiab lus rau cov thawj high-zoo carbon hlau los tsim tsawg lub ntiaj teb carbon hlau.Tus nqi cuam tshuam ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj hlau no tau nce los ntawm 70% mus rau 100% piv rau thawj cov pa roj carbon steel, thiab qhov cuam tshuam tus nqi ntawm -40 ℃ tau nce ze li ob zaug.Qhov loj-inch cartridge ua los ntawm cov hlau no tau raug pov thawj los ntawm kev sim tua hauv qhov kev tua kom ua tau raws li cov kev cai.Tam sim no, Tuam Tshoj tau ua tiav thiab muab tso rau hauv kev tsim khoom, ua tiav Tuam Tshoj txoj kev xav tau ntev los hloov tooj liab nrog cov hlau hauv cov ntaub ntawv cartridge.

 1.1.3 Tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb siab manganese hlau thiab tsawg lub ntiaj teb cam khwb cia hlau

Lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj siab manganese steel yog siv los tsim cov khau khiab tank, thiab lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj cam khwb cia hlau yog siv los tsim cov tis tis, muzzle nres thiab cov phom loj ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm kev kub ceev Armour-piercing pov tseg sabot, uas tuaj yeem txo cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm, txhim kho kev siv tus nqi ntawm cov hlau, thiab ua tiav tactical thiab technical indicators.

Yav dhau los, cov ntaub ntawv siv rau pem hauv ntej chamber projectile lub cev nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj yog ua los ntawm semi rigid cam khwb cia hlau nrog high-zoo npua hlau ntxiv nrog 30% mus rau 40% seem steel.Vim nws tsis tshua muaj zog, siab brittleness, tsawg thiab tsis ntse tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom zoo tom qab tawg, thiab tsis muaj zog tua lub zog, kev loj hlob ntawm lub chamber projectile lub cev yog ib zaug hindered.Txij li thaum xyoo 1963, ntau yam calibers ntawm mortar shells tau tsim los siv cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb, uas tau nce lawv cov khoom siv dag zog los ntawm 1-2 zaug, muab cov lej ntawm cov khoom siv tau zoo, thiab ua kom lub zog ntawm cov khoom tawg tau zoo, txhim kho lawv lub zog tua.Tus naj npawb ntawm cov fragments thiab intensive tua radius ntawm ib yam ntawm cov Cannon plhaub thiab Field phom plhaub ua los ntawm cov khoom no nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj yog me ntsis zoo dua li cov hlau plhaub.

Kev siv cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb xws li magnesium thiab txhuas hauv cov cuab yeej siv tub rog niaj hnub no

 Tsis tshua muaj ntiaj tebmuaj tshuaj lom neeg ua haujlwm siab thiab loj Atomic radius.Thaum nws ntxiv rau cov hlau tsis muaj hlau thiab lawv cov alloys, nws tuaj yeem ua kom zoo cov nplej, tiv thaiv kev sib cais, degassing, tshem tawm impurity thiab purification, thiab txhim kho cov qauv metallographic, thiaj li ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev txhim kho txhua yam khoom, lub cev thiab kev ua haujlwm. .Cov ntaub ntawv cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws tau tsim lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj magnesium alloys, aluminium alloys, titanium alloys, thiab superalloys los ntawm kev siv cov cuab yeej ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj.Cov khoom no tau siv dav hauv cov tub rog niaj hnub siv thev naus laus zis xws li lub dav hlau sib ntaus sib tua, kev sib tsoo dav hlau, nyoob hoom qav taub, tsheb tsis muaj neeg tsav dav hlau, thiab missile satellites.

2.1 Rare ntiaj teb magnesium alloy

Lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj magnesium alloysmuaj lub zog tshwj xeeb, tuaj yeem txo qhov hnyav dav hlau, txhim kho kev ua haujlwm zoo, thiab muaj kev cia siab rau daim ntawv thov dav.Lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj magnesium alloys tsim los ntawm Tuam Tshoj Aviation Industry Corporation (tom qab no hu ua AVIC) suav nrog kwv yees li 10 qib ntawm cam khwb cia magnesium alloys thiab deformed magnesium alloys, ntau yam uas tau siv hauv kev tsim khoom thiab muaj kev ruaj ntseg zoo.Piv txwv li, ZM 6 cam khwb cia magnesium alloy nrog tsawg lub ntiaj teb hlau neodymium raws li lub ntsiab additive tau nthuav dav siv rau qhov tseem ceeb xws li nyoob hoom qav taub rear txo casings, fighter tis tav, thiab rotor txhuas siab phaj rau 30 kW generators.Lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj zog magnesium alloy BM 25 sib koom ua ke tsim los ntawm AVIC Corporation thiab Nonferrous Metals Corporation tau hloov qee qhov nruab nrab lub zog aluminium alloys thiab tau siv rau hauv kev cuam tshuam dav hlau.

2.2 Tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb titanium alloy

Thaum xyoo 1970s, lub koom haum Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials (hu ua lub koom haum ntawm Aeronautical Materials) tau hloov qee cov txhuas thiab silicon nrog cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb cerium (Ce) hauv Ti-A1-Mo titanium alloys, txwv cov nag lossis daus ntawm nkig theem thiab txhim kho cov alloy lub tshav kub tsis kam thaum tseem txhim kho nws thermal stability.Rau lub hauv paus no, ib qho kev ua tau zoo cam khwb cia siab kub titanium alloy ZT3 uas muaj cerium tau tsim.Piv nrog cov alloys thoob ntiaj teb zoo sib xws, nws muaj qee qhov zoo ntawm cov cua sov ua kom lub zog thiab cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm.Lub compressor casing tsim nrog nws yog siv rau W PI3 II lub cav, nrog rau qhov hnyav ntawm 39 kg ib lub dav hlau thiab nce qhov hnyav rau qhov sib piv ntawm 1.5%.Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev txo qis ntawm cov txheej txheem ua tiav li ntawm 30% tau ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam, sau qhov sib txawv ntawm kev siv cov cam khwb cia titanium casings rau aviation cav hauv Suav teb ntawm 500 ℃.Kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias muaj me me cerium oxide hais nyob rau hauv microstructure ntawm ZT3 alloy muaj cerium.Cerium ua ke ib feem ntawm cov pa oxygen hauv cov hlau los tsim cov refractory thiab siab hardnesstsawg ntiaj teb oxidekhoom, Ce2O3.Cov khoom no cuam tshuam qhov kev txav ntawm qhov tsis sib xws thaum lub sij hawm alloy deformation txheej txheem, txhim kho qhov kub-kub kev ua haujlwm ntawm alloy.Cerium ntes ib feem ntawm cov roj impurities (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov ciam teb), uas yuav ntxiv dag zog rau lub alloy thaum tuav zoo thermal stability.Qhov no yog thawj zaug los siv txoj kev xav ntawm qhov nyuaj solute point ntxiv dag zog rau hauv cam khwb cia titanium alloys.Tsis tas li ntawd, lub koom haum ntawm Aeronautical Materials tau tsim ruaj khov thiab pheej yigYttrium (III) oxidexuab zeb thiab hmoov los ntawm xyoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab tshwj xeeb mineralization kho tshuab nyob rau hauv lub titanium alloy tov precision casting txheej txheem.Nws tau mus txog qib zoo dua nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, hardness thiab stability rau titanium kua, thiab tau qhia ntau dua qhov zoo ntawm kev kho thiab tswj cov kev ua tau zoo ntawm lub plhaub slurry.Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev sivYttrium (III) oxideplhaub los tsim titanium castings yog tias nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas qhov kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab cov txheej txheem yog sib npaug rau txheej txheem txheej txheem tungsten, titanium alloy castings thinner dua li txheej txheem txheej txheem tungsten tuaj yeem tsim.Tam sim no, cov txheej txheem no tau siv dav hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau yam aircraft, cav, thiab pej xeem castings.

2.3 Rare ntiaj teb aluminium alloy

Lub tshav kub-resistant cam khwb cia txhuas alloy HZL206 tsim los ntawm AVIC muaj superior kub-kub thiab chav tsev kub mechanical zog piv rau txawv teb chaws alloys uas muaj npib tsib xee, thiab tau mus txog qib siab ntawm zoo xws li alloys txawv teb chaws.Nws yog tam sim no siv los ua lub siab resistant valve rau nyoob hoom qav taub thiab fighter dav hlau nrog ib tug ua hauj lwm kub ntawm 300 ℃, hloov steel thiab titanium alloys.Cov qauv hnyav tau raug txo thiab tau muab tso rau hauv ntau lawm.Lub zog tensile ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj aluminium silicon hypereutectic ZL117 alloy ntawm 200-300 ℃ tshaj li ntawm West German piston alloys KS280 thiab KS282.Nws hnav tsis kam yog 4-5 npaug siab dua li cov piston alloys uas nquag siv ZL108, nrog me me coefficient ntawm linear expansion thiab zoo seem stability.Nws tau raug siv rau hauv aviation accessories KY-5, KY-7 cua compressors, thiab aviation qauv cav pistons.Ntxiv cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb rau aluminium alloys ho txhim kho microstructure thiab mechanical zog.Lub mechanism ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv aluminium alloys yog: tsim ntawm dispersed tis, nrog me me aluminium compounds ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ntxiv dag zog rau theem ob;Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb plays lub luag haujlwm degassing Catharsis, yog li txo cov pores hauv cov hlau thiab txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlau;Tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb aluminium tebchaw ua hauj lwm raws li heterogeneous nuclei rau refine nplej thiab eutectic theem, thiab kuj yog ib tug modifier;Cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb txhawb kev tsim thiab kho kom zoo ntawm cov qib hlau nplua nuj, txo lawv cov teebmeem.α- Cov kua dej ntawm cov hlau hauv A1 txo qis nrog qhov nce ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj ntxiv, uas tseem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txhim kho lub zog thiab plasticity.

Daim ntawv thov ntawm Rare Earth Combustion Materials nyob rau hauv niaj hnub tub rog Technology

3.1 Cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb

Cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb, vim lawv cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg, nws nquag ua rau cov pa oxygen, sulfur, thiab nitrogen los tsim cov tebchaw ruaj khov.Thaum raug kev sib txhuam thiab kev cuam tshuam, cov nplaim hluav taws tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom tawg yooj yim.Yog li ntawd, thaum ntxov li 1908, nws tau ua rau flint.Nws tau pom tias ntawm 17 lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj, rau lub ntsiab lus, suav nrog cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, praseodymium, samarium, thiab yttrium, muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo tshwj xeeb.Cov tib neeg tau ua ntau yam riam phom incendiary raws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb.Piv txwv li, 227 kg American missile "Mark 82" siv lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj hlau liners, uas tsis yog tsuas yog tsim explosive tua nyhuv, tab sis kuj arson effect.Teb Chaws Asmeskas huab cua-rau-hauv av "damping txiv neej" foob pob ua ntxaij warhead yog nruab nrog 108 tsawg lub ntiaj teb hlau square rods li liners, hloov ib co prefabricated fragments.Kev ntsuam xyuas tawg zoo li qub tau pom tias nws lub peev xwm ua rau hluav taws xob hluav taws xob yog 44% siab dua li cov uas tsis muaj kab.

3.2 Mixed rare earth metals

Vim tus nqi siab ntawm cov ntshiabrare ntiaj teb hlaus, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsawg tsawg hauv ntiaj teb cov hlau tsis tshua muaj siv dav hauv kev sib tsoo riam phom hauv ntau lub teb chaws.Lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj hlau combustion tus neeg sawv cev yog loaded rau hauv lub plhaub hlau nyob rau hauv kev kub siab, nrog ib tug combustion tus neeg ceev ntawm (1.9 ~ 2.1) × 103 kg / m3, combustion ceev 1.3-1.5 m / s, nplaim taws txoj kab uas hla ntawm txog 500 hli, thiab nplaim taws kub txog 1715-2000 ℃.Tom qab combustion, lub cev incandescent tseem kub rau ntau tshaj 5 feeb.Thaum lub sij hawm ntxeem tau ntawm Nyab Laj, cov tub rog Asmeskas tau siv lub tshuab tua hluav taws tua hluav taws 40mm arson grenade, uas tau ntim nrog cov kab hluav taws xob ua los ntawm cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb sib xyaw.Tom qab qhov projectile tawg, txhua qhov tawg nrog cov kab hluav taws xob tuaj yeem ua rau lub hom phiaj.Thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, lub hli ntau lawm ntawm lub foob pob mus txog 200000 rounds, nrog ntau tshaj 260000 rounds.

3.3 Rare earth combustion alloys

Lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj combustion alloy nrog ib qhov hnyav ntawm 100g tuaj yeem tsim 200 ~ 3000 kindlings, npog thaj tsam loj, uas yog sib npaug rau kev tua hluav taws ntawm Armour-piercing mos txwv thiab armor piercing projectile.Yog li ntawd, kev txhim kho cov mos txwv ntau yam nrog lub zog sib xyaw ua ke tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov lus qhia tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim cov mos txwv hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws.Rau cov mos txwv Armour-piercing thiab armor piercing projectile, lawv tactical kev ua tau zoo yuav tsum tau hais tias tom qab tho lub armor ntawm tus yeeb ncuab tank, lawv muaj peev xwm ignite lawv cov roj thiab mos txwv rau tag nrho cov tank.Rau cov grenades, nws yuav tsum tau ignite cov khoom siv tub rog thiab cov chaw muaj tswv yim hauv lawv qhov kev tua.Nws tau tshaj tawm tias cov yas tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb hlau Incendiary ntaus ntawv ua nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas yog ua los ntawm iav fiber reinforced nylon nrog ib tug sib xyaw tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb alloy cartridge nyob rau hauv, uas muaj zoo zog tiv thaiv aviation roj thiab zoo sib xws lub hom phiaj.

Kev Siv Cov Khoom Siv Hauv Ntiaj Teb Tsis Muaj Hauv Kev Tiv Thaiv Tub Rog thiab Nuclear Technology

4.1 Daim Ntawv Thov Kev Tiv Thaiv Tub Rog

Tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb cov ntsiab lus muaj hluav taws xob resistant zog.Lub Tebchaws Neutron cross section Center ntawm Tebchaws Meskas tau ua ob hom phaj nrog lub thickness ntawm 10 hli los ntawm kev siv cov ntaub ntawv polymer ua cov khoom siv hauv paus, nrog lossis tsis muaj qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb, rau kev ntsuas hluav taws xob tiv thaiv.Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias thermal neutron shielding nyhuv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb polymer yog 5-6 npaug zoo dua li cov ntaub ntawv tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb tsis muaj polymer.Ntawm lawv, cov ntaub ntawv tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb nrog Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy thiab lwm yam khoom muaj qhov loj tshaj plaws neutron Absorption cross section thiab zoo neutron capture effect.Tam sim no, cov kev siv tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tiv thaiv hluav taws xob tsawg hauv ntiaj teb hauv kev ua tub rog muaj xws li cov hauv qab no.

4.1.1 Nuclear radiation shielding

Tebchaws Asmeskas siv 1% boron thiab 5% tsawg lub ntiaj tebgadolinium nyob rau hauv cov ntshav, samariumthiablanthanumlos ua ib tug 600 hli tuab hluav taws xob pov thawj pob zeb rau shielding lub fission Neutron qhov chaw ntawm lub pas dej da reactor.Fabkis tau tsim cov khoom siv tiv thaiv hluav taws xob tsawg hauv ntiaj teb los ntawm kev ntxiv Boride, tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb compound lossis tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb alloy rau graphite ua cov khoom siv hauv paus.Qhov muab tub lim ntawm cov khoom siv tiv thaiv kev sib xyaw no yuav tsum tau muab sib npaug thiab ua rau hauv cov khoom siv ua ntej, uas tau muab tso rau ib ncig ntawm lub reactor channel raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov chaw tiv thaiv.

4.1.2 Tank thermal radiation shielding

Nws muaj plaub txheej ntawm veneer, nrog tag nrho cov tuab ntawm 5-20 cm.Thawj txheej yog ua los ntawm iav fiber reinforced yas, nrog inorganic hmoov ntxiv nrog 2% tsawg lub ntiaj teb tebchaw raws li muab tub lim los thaiv cov neutrons ceev thiab nqus cov neutrons qeeb;Qhov thib ob thiab thib peb txheej ntxiv boron graphite, polystyrene, thiab lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj cov ntsiab lus suav nrog 10% ntawm tag nrho cov muab tub lim hauv lub qub los thaiv cov nruab nrab lub zog neutrons thiab nqus cov thermal neutrons;Plaub txheej siv graphite es tsis txhob iav fiber ntau, thiab ntxiv 25% tsawg lub ntiaj teb sib txuas kom nqus tau cov thermal neutrons.

4.1.3 Lwm yam

Kev siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hluav taws xob tsawg hauv ntiaj teb rau cov tso tsheb hlau luam, nkoj, cov chaw nyob, thiab lwm yam khoom siv tub rog tuaj yeem ua rau muaj hluav taws xob tiv thaiv.

4.2 Daim Ntawv Thov hauv Nuclear Technology

Lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj Yttrium (III) oxide tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm cov roj uranium hauv Boiling water reactor (BWR).Ntawm tag nrho cov ntsiab lus, gadolinium muaj qhov muaj zog tshaj plaws los nqus cov neutrons, nrog kwv yees li 4600 lub hom phiaj ntawm ib lub atom.Txhua lub ntuj gadolinium atom absorbs qhov nruab nrab ntawm 4 neutrons ua ntej tsis ua hauj lwm.Thaum tov nrog fissionable uranium, gadolinium tuaj yeem txhawb combustion, txo uranium noj, thiab ua kom lub zog tso zis.Tsis zoo li Boron carbide,Gadolinium (III) oxidetsis tsim deuterium, tsim kev puas tsuaj los ntawm cov khoom.Nws tuaj yeem phim ob qho tib si uranium roj thiab nws cov khoom txheej hauv Nuclear cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.Qhov kom zoo dua ntawm kev siv gadolinium es tsis txhob boron yog tias gadolinium tuaj yeem ncaj qha sib xyaw nrog uranium los tiv thaiv kev siv hluav taws xob nuclear.Raws li kev txheeb cais, muaj 149 lub tshuab hluav taws xob nuclear tau npaj los tsim thoob ntiaj teb, 115 ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob siv.tsis tshua muaj pobh Gadolinium (III) oxide.Rare ntiaj teb samarium,europium, thiab dysprosium tau siv los ua neutron absorbers hauv neutron reactors.Tsis tshua muaj ntiaj tebyttriummuaj ib qho me me capture cross-section nyob rau hauv neutrons thiab yuav siv tau raws li ib tug yeeb nkab khoom rau molten ntsev reactors.Cov ntawv nyias nyias ntxiv nrog lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj gadolinium thiab dysprosium tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom siv neutron hauv aerospace thiab nuclear kev lag luam engineering, me me ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj thulium thiab erbium tuaj yeem siv los ua lub hom phiaj ntawm cov khoom siv kaw lub raj Neutron generator, thiab lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj. europium oxide hlau cermet yuav siv tau los ua ib qho kev txhim kho reactor tswj kev txhawb nqa phaj.Tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb gadolinium kuj tuaj yeem siv los ua cov txheej txheej ntxiv los tiv thaiv neutron foob pob hluav taws xob, thiab cov tsheb armored coated nrog cov txheej tshwj xeeb uas muaj gadolinium oxide tuaj yeem tiv thaiv hluav taws xob neutron.Lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj ytterbium yog siv rau hauv cov khoom siv los ntsuas kev ntxhov siab hauv av los ntawm kev tawg hauv av.Thaum lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj ytterbium raug quab yuam, qhov kev tiv thaiv nce, thiab kev hloov hauv kev tiv thaiv tuaj yeem siv los ntsuas qhov siab thov.Txuas lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj gadolinium foil tso thiab cuam tshuam nrog cov ntsiab lus kev ntxhov siab tuaj yeem siv los ntsuas kev ntxhov siab nuclear.

Daim ntawv thov ntawm 5 Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Materials nyob rau niaj hnub tub rog Technology

Cov khoom siv hlau nplaum tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb, lub npe hu ua lub cim tshiab ntawm magnetic king, yog tam sim no qhov kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws cov khoom siv hlau nplaum ruaj khov paub.Nws muaj ntau dua 100 npaug ntawm cov khoom sib nqus ntau dua li cov hlau nplaum siv hauv cov khoom siv tub rog hauv xyoo 1970s.Tam sim no, nws tau dhau los ua cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv kev sib txuas lus hauv tshuab hluav taws xob niaj hnub.Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv Traveling-wave raj thiab circulators nyob rau hauv dag lub ntiaj teb satellites, radars thiab lwm yam.Yog li ntawd, nws muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua tub rog.

SmCo hlau nplaum thiab NdFeB hlau nplaum yog siv rau electron beam tsom nyob rau hauv Missile guidance system.Cov hlau nplaum yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb ntawm lub teeb hluav taws xob, uas xa cov ntaub ntawv mus rau qhov chaw tswj ntawm lub missile.Muaj kwv yees li 5-10 phaus (2.27-4.54 kg) ntawm cov hlau nplaum nyob rau hauv txhua qhov kev taw qhia kev taw qhia ntawm lub missile.Tsis tas li ntawd, cov hlau nplaum tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb kuj tau siv los tsav cov motors thiab tig lub Rudder #Aircraft rudders ntawm cov missile coj.Lawv qhov zoo yog cov hlau nplaum muaj zog thiab sib zog dua li qub Al Ni Co hlau nplaum.

Daim ntawv thov ntawm Rare Earth Laser Materials nyob rau hauv niaj hnub tub rog Technology

Laser yog hom tshiab ntawm lub teeb pom kev zoo uas muaj qhov zoo monochromaticity, directionality, thiab coherence, thiab muaj peev xwm ua tau siab brightness.Laser thiab tsawg ntiaj teb cov ntaub ntawv laser tau yug los ib txhij.Txog tam sim no, kwv yees li 90% ntawm cov ntaub ntawv laser cuam tshuam nrog lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj.Piv txwv li, Yttrium aluminium garnet siv lead ua yog siv dav siv laser uas tuaj yeem tau txais lub zog hluav taws xob tas li ntawm chav tsev kub.Daim ntawv thov ntawm solid-state lasers nyob rau hauv cov tub rog niaj hnub no suav nrog cov hauv qab no.

6.1 Laser ntau yam

Lub neodymium doped yttrium aluminium garnet tsim nyob rau hauv Tebchaws Meskas, Britain, Fabkis, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thiab lwm lub tebchaws tuaj yeem ntsuas qhov deb ntawm 4000 ~ 20000 m nrog qhov tseeb ntawm 5 m.Cov cuab yeej siv riam phom xws li US MI, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees Leopard II, Fabkis Lecler, Nyiv Hom 90, Israel's Mekava, thiab qhov kawg British Challenger 2 tank tag nrho siv hom laser rangefinder.Tam sim no, qee lub tebchaws tab tom tsim cov cim tshiab ntawm lub xeev cov khoom siv laser rangefinders rau tib neeg lub qhov muag kev nyab xeeb, nrog kev ua haujlwm wavelengths xws li 1.5 txog 2.1 μ M. Lub tes tuav laser rangefinder tsim los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas thiab United Kingdom siv cov holmium doped. Yttrium lithium fluoride laser muaj ib tug ua hauj lwm band ntawm 2.06 μ M, xws li mus txog 3000 m.Lub Tebchaws Asmeskas thiab Lub Tuam Txhab International Laser kuj tau sib koom ua ke siv erbium-doped Yttrium lithium fluoride laser thiab tsim lub wavelength ntawm 1.73 μ M's laser rangefinder thiab cov tub rog hnyav hnyav.Lub laser wavelength ntawm Tuam Tshoj cov tub rog rangefinders yog 1.06 μ M, xws li 200 mus rau 7000 m.Hauv kev tshaj tawm cov foob pob hluav taws ntev, cuaj luaj thiab ntsuas kev sib txuas lus satellite, Tuam Tshoj tau txais cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb hauv kev ntsuas ntau los ntawm Laser TV Theodolite.

6.2 Laser Qhia

Laser coj cov foob pob siv lasers rau kev taw qhia davhlau ya nyob twg.Lub hom phiaj yog irradiated nrog ib tug Nd · YAG laser uas emits kaum ob pulses ib ob.Cov pulses tau encoded, thiab lub teeb pulses tuaj yeem coj cov lus teb missile, yog li tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam los ntawm missile launches thiab obstacles teem los ntawm tus yeeb ncuab.Piv txwv li, US tub rog GBV-15 Glide foob pob hu ua "ntse foob pob".Ib yam li ntawd, nws tseem tuaj yeem siv los tsim cov khoom siv laser coj.

6.3 Laser kev sib txuas lus

Ntxiv rau Nd · YAG tuaj yeem siv rau kev sib txuas lus laser, cov zis laser ntawm lithium tetra Neodymium (III) phosphate crystal (LNP) yog polarized thiab yooj yim rau kev hloov kho.Nws yog suav hais tias yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom lag luam zoo tshaj plaws micro laser, haum rau lub teeb ci ntawm kev sib txuas lus fiber ntau, thiab xav tias yuav siv rau hauv kev sib txuas ntawm optics thiab chaw sib txuas lus.Tsis tas li ntawd, Yttrium hlau garnet (Y3Fe5O12) ib leeg siv lead ua tuaj yeem siv los ua ntau yam magnetostatic nto yoj cov khoom siv los ntawm cov txheej txheem microwave kev koom ua ke, uas ua rau cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke thiab cov khoom siv me me, thiab muaj cov ntawv tshwj xeeb hauv radar chaw taws teeb tswj thiab telemetry, navigation thiab hluav taws xob tiv thaiv.

Daim ntawv thov ntawm 7 Rare Earth Superconducting Materials nyob rau hauv niaj hnub tub rog Technology

Thaum cov khoom qis dua qhov kub thiab txias, qhov tshwm sim uas qhov tsis kam yog xoom, uas yog, Superconductivity, tshwm sim.Qhov ntsuas kub yog qhov ntsuas kub tseem ceeb (Tc).Superconductors yog antimagnets.Thaum qhov ntsuas kub qis dua qhov ntsuas kub tseem ceeb, superconductors tawm tsam txhua qhov chaw sib nqus uas sim siv rau lawv.Qhov no yog qhov hu ua Meissner effect.Ntxiv cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb rau cov khoom siv superconducting tuaj yeem ua rau kub siab heev Tc.Qhov no tau txhawb kev txhim kho thiab siv cov khoom siv superconducting zoo heev.Nyob rau xyoo 1980, Tebchaws Meskas, Nyiv thiab lwm lub tebchaws tsim kho tau ntxiv qee yam ntawm lanthanum, yttrium, europium, erbium thiab lwm yam tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb oxides rau Barium oxide thiab tooj liab (II) oxide compounds, uas tau tov, nias thiab sintered rau. daim ntawv superconducting ceramic cov ntaub ntawv, ua rau daim ntawv thov dav ntawm superconducting technology, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv kev siv tub rog, nws kim heev.

7.1 Superconducting integrated circuits

Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, cov teb chaws txawv teb chaws tau tshawb fawb txog kev siv superconducting thev naus laus zis hauv tshuab hluav taws xob, thiab tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib xyaw ua ke siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob superconducting.Yog tias qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke no siv los tsim cov khoos phis tawj superconducting, nws tsis tsuas yog muaj qhov me me, lub teeb yuag, thiab siv tau yooj yim, tab sis kuj muaj kev suav ceev 10 mus rau 100 npaug sai dua li cov khoos phis tawj semiconductor.