Thulium, ʻeleʻele 69 o ka pākaukau manawa.
ʻO Thulium, ka mea me ka liʻiliʻi loa o nā mea o ka honua laha ʻole, e noho pū me nā mea ʻē aʻe ma Gadolinite, Xenotime, ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele gula a me ka monazite.
ʻO ka thulium a me nā mea metala lanthanide e noho pū ana i loko o nā ores paʻakikī i ke ʻano.Ma muli o kā lākou mau hana uila like loa, ua like loa ko lākou mau waiwai kino a me nā mea kemika, e paʻakikī loa ka unuhi ʻana a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana.
I ka makahiki 1879, ua ʻike ʻo Cliff chemist Suedena ʻaʻole mau ka nui o ka Atomic o ka lepo erbium i kona aʻo ʻana i ka lepo erbium i koe ma hope o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka lepo ytterbium a me ka lepo scandium, no laila hoʻomau ʻo ia i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka lepo erbium a hoʻokaʻawale i ka lepo erbium, lepo holmium a me ka lepo holmium. lepo thulium.
ʻO ka thulium metala, keʻokeʻo kālā, ductile, ʻano palupalu, hiki ke ʻoki ʻia me ka pahi, he kiʻekiʻe ka heheʻe a me ka paila ʻana, ʻaʻole maʻalahi i ka ʻino i ka ea, a hiki ke mālama i ke ʻano metala no ka manawa lōʻihi.Ma muli o ke ʻano o ka pūpū Electron extranuclear kūikawā, ua like loa nā waiwai kemika o ka thulium me nā mea metala lanthanide ʻē aʻe.Hiki iā ia ke hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka waika hydrochloric e hana i kahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo ikiThulium(III) chloride, a ua hiki no hoi ke ike ia na huna ahi i hanaia e kona mau mea liilii e a ana i ka lewa ma ka huila friction.
Loaʻa i nā pūhui Thulium nā waiwai fluorescence a hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i ka fluorescence polū ma lalo o ke kukui ultraviolet, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā lepili anti-hoʻopunipuni no ke kālā pepa.ʻO ka radioactive isotope thulium 170 o thulium kekahi o nā kumu hoʻoheheʻe ʻenehana ʻehā i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā mea hana diagnostic no nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā noi niho, a me nā mea hana ʻike kīnā no nā mea mīkini a me nā mea uila.
ʻO Thulium, ka mea kupaianaha, ʻo ia ka thulium laser therapy ʻenehana a me ka kemika hou ʻole i hana ʻia ma muli o kāna hana uila extranuclear kūikawā.
Hiki i ka Thulium doped Yttrium alumini garnet ke hoʻokuʻu i ka laser me ka lōʻihi o ka nalu ma waena o 1930 ~ 2040 nm.Ke hoʻohana ʻia ka laser o kēia pūʻali no ka ʻoki ʻana, e hoʻopili koke ke koko ma ka wahi irradiation, liʻiliʻi ka ʻeha ʻoki, a maikaʻi ka hemostasis.No laila, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia laser no ka Minimally invasive kaʻina o ka prostate a i ʻole nā maka.He haʻahaʻa loa kēia ʻano laser i ka wā e hoʻouna ai i ka lewa, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻike mamao a me ke kamaʻilio optical.No ka laʻana, Laser rangefinder, coherent Doppler wind radar, etc., e hoʻohana i ka laser i hoʻopuka ʻia e ka thulium doped fiber laser.
He ʻano metala koʻikoʻi loa ka Thulium ma ka ʻāpana f, a ʻo kona mau waiwai o ka hana ʻana i nā paʻakikī me nā electrons i loko o ka papa f ua hoʻopio i nā ʻepekema he nui.ʻO ka maʻamau, hiki i nā mea metala lanthanide ke hana i nā pūhui trivalent wale nō, akā ʻo ka thulium kekahi o nā mea liʻiliʻi e hiki ke hoʻohua i nā pūhui divalent.
I ka makahiki 1997, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Mikhail Bochkalev i ka kemika hopena e pili ana i ka divalent rare earth compounds in solution, a ua ʻike ʻo ia e hiki ke hoʻololi mālie ka divalent Thulium(III) iodide i ka ion thulium trivalent melemele ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana.Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia hiʻohiʻona, hiki i ka thulium ke lilo i mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa maikaʻi loa no nā chemists organik a hiki iā ia ke hoʻomākaukau i nā pūhui metala me nā waiwai kūikawā no nā kī nui e like me ka ikehu hou, ʻenehana magnetic, a me ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻōpala nuklea.Ma ke koho ʻana i nā ligand kūpono, hiki i ka thulium ke hoʻololi i ka mana kūpono o nā pālua redox metala.Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Samarium(II) iodide a me kāna hui ʻana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kūlohelohe e like me ka tetrahydrofuran e nā mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa kūlohelohe no 50 mau makahiki e hoʻomalu i nā hopena hoʻemi electron hoʻokahi o nā pūʻulu hana.He mau ano like ko Thulium, a he mea kupanaha ka hiki o kona ligand ke hooponopono i na mea metala kino.Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ke ʻano geometric a me ka orbital overlap o ka paʻakikī i kekahi mau hui redox.Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai ʻo ia ka mea ʻokoʻa loa o ka honua, ʻo ke kumu kūʻai kiʻekiʻe o ka thulium e pale aku iā ia mai ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka samarium, akā loaʻa nō naʻe ka mana nui i ka kemika hou ʻole.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻAukake-01-2023