Thulium, isiqalelo sama-69 soluhlu lweperiodic.
I-Thulium, eyona nto inomxholo omncinci wezinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, ubukhulu becala buhlala kunye nezinye izinto kwi-Gadolinite, i-Xenotime, i-ore emnyama enqabileyo yegolide kunye ne-monazite.
I-Thulium kunye ne-lanthanide element zentsimbi zihlala ngokusondeleyo kwii-ores ezintsonkothe kakhulu kwindalo.Ngenxa yolwakhiwo lwe-elektroniki olufana kakhulu, iipropathi zabo zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali ziyafana kakhulu, zenza ukuba ukutsalwa kunye nokwahlula kube nzima kakhulu.
Ngowe-1879, usokhemisti waseSweden uCliff waphawula ukuba ubunzima be-Atomic bomhlaba we-erbium babungatshintshi xa wayefunda umhlaba oseleyo we-erbium emva kokwahlula umhlaba we-ytterbium kunye nomhlaba we-scandium, ngoko waqhubeka ehlukanisa umhlaba we-erbium kwaye ekugqibeleni wahlula umhlaba we-erbium, umhlaba we-holmium kunye umhlaba we-thulium.
I-Metal thulium, isilivere emhlophe, i-ductile, ithambile, inokunqunyulwa ngommese, inomlinganiselo ophezulu wokunyibilika kunye nokubilisa, ayinqandwa lula emoyeni, kwaye inokugcina ukubonakala kwesinyithi ixesha elide.Ngenxa yolwakhiwo olukhethekileyo lwe-Electron iqokobhe le-extranuclear, iipropathi zekhemikhali ze-thulium zifana kakhulu nezo zezinye izinto zetsimbi ze-lanthanide.Inokunyibilika kwi-hydrochloric acid ukwenza uhlaza kancinciThulium(III) chloride, kunye neentlantsi eziveliswa ngamasuntswana alo avuthayo emoyeni nazo zinokubonwa kwivili lokukhuhlana.
Iikhompawundi ze-Thulium nazo zineempawu ze-fluorescence kwaye zinokukhupha i-fluorescence eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka phantsi kokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, engasetyenziselwa ukudala iilebhile ezichasene ne-counterfeiting yemali yephepha.I-isotope ye-radioactive thulium 170 ye-thulium ikwangomnye weyona mithombo ixhaphakileyo esetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso yokusasazeka kwemitha kwaye ingasetyenziswa njengezixhobo zokuxilonga kwizicelo zonyango kunye namazinyo, kunye nezixhobo zokufumanisa isiphene kumalungu oomatshini kunye ne-elektroniki.
I-Thulium, enomtsalane, yitekhnoloji yonyango lwe-laser ye-thulium kunye nekhemistri entsha engaqhelekanga eyenziwe ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo esikhethekileyo sombane we-extranuclear.
I-Thulium doped Yttrium aluminiyam garnet inokukhupha i-laser ene-wavelength phakathi kwe-1930 ~ 2040 nm.Xa i-laser yeli bhanti isetyenziselwa utyando, igazi kwindawo yokukhupha i-irradiation liya kubumba ngokukhawuleza, inxeba lotyando lincinci, kwaye i-hemostasis ilungile.Ke ngoko, le laser ihlala isetyenziselwa inkqubo encinci ye-prostate okanye amehlo.Olu hlobo lwe-laser lunelahleko ephantsi xa luhambisa emoyeni, kwaye lunokusetyenziswa kwi-remote sensing kunye nonxibelelwano lwe-optical.Umzekelo, i-Laser rangefinder, i-Doppler wind radar ehambelanayo, njl. njl., iya kusebenzisa i-laser ekhutshwa yi-thulium doped fiber laser.
I-Thulium luhlobo olukhethekileyo kakhulu lwesinyithi kummandla we-f, kwaye iimpawu zayo zokwenza ii-complexes ezineelektroni kwi-f layer ziye zathimba izazinzulu ezininzi.Ngokuqhelekileyo, izakhi zetsimbi ze-lanthanide zinokuvelisa kuphela iikhompawundi ze-trivalent, kodwa i-thulium yenye yezinto ezimbalwa ezinokuvelisa i-divalent compounds.
Ngo-1997, uMikhail Bochkalev waba nguvulindlela kwi-chemistry yokusabela enxulumene ne-divalent enqabileyo yomhlaba i-compounds kwisisombululo, kwaye yafumanisa ukuba i-divalent ye-Thulium (III) iodide inokutshintsha ngokuthe ngcembe ibuyele kwi-ion ye-thulium e-yellowish trivalent phantsi kweemeko ezithile.Ngokusebenzisa olu phawu, ithulium inokuba yeyona arhente yokunciphisa ikhethwayo kwiikhemisti eziphilayo kwaye inamandla okulungisa iikhompawundi zentsimbi ezineempawu ezikhethekileyo zemimandla engundoqo efana namandla avuselelekayo, ubuchwepheshe bemagnethi, kunye nonyango lwenkunkuma yenyukliya.Ngokukhetha ii-ligands ezifanelekileyo, i-thulium inokutshintsha kwakhona amandla asemthethweni ezibini ezithile zetsimbi redox.I-Samarium (II) iodide kunye nemixube yayo echithwe kwi-solvents ye-organic efana ne-tetrahydrofuran isetyenziswe ngamachiza e-organic iminyaka engama-50 ukulawula ukuphendulwa kwe-electron enye yochungechunge lwamaqela asebenzayo.I-Thulium nayo ineempawu ezifanayo, kwaye isakhono sayo sokulawula i-organic metal compounds iyamangalisa.Ukulawula imilo yejometri kunye ne-orbital overlap ye-complex inokuchaphazela izibini ezithile ze-redox.Nangona kunjalo, njengeyona nto inqabileyo yomhlaba enqabileyo, ixabiso eliphezulu le-thulium liyayithintela okwexeshana ukuba ithathe indawo ye-samarium, kodwa isenamandla amakhulu kwi-chemistry entsha engavumelekanga.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-01-2023