Kushandiswa kwerare pasimukukanda aluminium alloy yakaitwa kare kunze kwenyika.Kunyangwe China yakatanga tsvagiridzo nekushandiswa kwechinhu ichi chete muma1960s, yakakura nekukurumidza.Basa rakawanda rakaitwa kubva pakutsvagisa nzira kuenda kune inoshanda inoshanda, uye zvimwe zvakabudirira zvakaitwa.Nekuwedzerwa kwezvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi, ma mechanical properties, casting properties uye magetsi emagetsi ealuminium alloys akavandudzwa zvikuru. zvinhu zvitsva, akapfuma optical, magetsi uye magineti zvimiro zvezvisingawanzo zvepasi zvinhu zvinoitawo basa rakakosha mukugadzira isingawanzo pasi inogara magineti zvinhu, zvisingawanzo pasi pevhu-zvinoburitsa zvinhu, zvisingawanzo pasi hydrogen kuchengetedza zvinhu, nezvimwe.
◆ ◆ Chiito chekuita chepasi chisingawanzoitiki mualuminium uye aluminium alloy ◆ ◆
Rare Earth ine high chemical activity, low potential and special electron layer layer, uye inogona kudyidzana nezvinhu zvinenge zvese.Mapasi asingawanzo shandiswa mualuminium nealuminium alloys anosanganisira La (lanthanum), Ce (cerium), Y (yttrium) uye Sc (scandium)Ivo vanowanzowedzerwa mualuminium liquid ine modifiers, nucleating agents uye degassing agents, izvo zvinogona kuchenesa kunyunguduka, kugadzirisa chimiro, kunatsa zviyo, nezvimwe.
01Kucheneswa kwenyika isingawanzoitiki
Sezvo huwandu hukuru hwegasi uye oxide inclusions (kunyanya hydrogen, okisijeni uye nitrogen) ichaunzwa panguva yekunyunguduka nekukanda kwealuminium alloy, pinholes, kuputika, inclusions uye zvimwe kukanganisa kuchaitika mukukanda (ona Mufananidzo 1a), kuderedza simba realuminium alloy.Kucheneswa kwepasi risingawanzo kuratidzwa mukuderedzwa kuri pachena kwehydrogen zvinyorwa mualuminium yakanyungudutswa, kuderedzwa kwepinhole rate uye porosity (ona Mufananidzo 1b), uye kuderedzwa kwekubatanidzwa uye zvinhu zvinokuvadza.Iyo huru. chikonzero ndechekuti pasi risingawanikwe rine hushamwari hwakakura nehydrogen, iyo inogona kutora nekunyungudutsa haidrojeni muhuwandu hwakawanda uye kugadzira makomisheni akatsiga pasina kuumba mabhuru, nokudaro ichideredza zvakanyanya huwandu hwehydrogen uye porosity yealuminium; Ivhu risingawanzo uye nitrogen zvinoumba makomisheni anopesana, ayo inonyanya kubviswa muchimiro che slag mukugadzirisa kunyunguduka, kuitira kuti uwane chinangwa chekuchenesa aluminium liquid.
Kudzidzira kwakaratidza kuti isingawanzo pasi ine mhedzisiro yekudzikisa zvirimo zvehydrogen, okisijeni nesarufa mualuminium nealuminium alloys.Kuwedzera 0.1% ~ 0.3% RE mumvura yealuminium inobatsira kubvisa zviri nani tsvina inokuvadza, kunatsa tsvina kana kushandura morphology yavo, kuitira kunatsa uye kugovera zviyo zvakaenzana; uyezve, RE uye tsvina inokuvadza ine yakaderera kunyungudika inoumba mabhinari makomisheni akadai se. RES, REAs, uye REPb, iyo inoratidzwa nehupamhi hwekunyunguduka, kuderera, uye kugadzikana kwemakemikari zvinhu, uye inogona kuyangarara kumusoro kuti igadzire slag uye kubviswa, nokudaro kuchenesa aluminium liquid; zviyo.
Fig. 1 SEM Morphology ye7075 Alloy isina RE uye w (RE)=0.3%
a.RE haina kuwedzerwa;b.Wedzera w (RE)=0.3%
02Metamorphism yenyika isingawanzo
Kugadziriswa kwepasi kunonyanya kuratidzwa mukunatsa zviyo uye madendrites, kuvharidzira kutaridzika kweyakaomarara lamellar T2 chikamu, kubvisa chikamu chakakura chakagovaniswa mukristaro yekutanga uye kugadzira spherical chikamu, kuitira kuti tambo uye chidimbu chemisanganiswa pamuganho wezviyo zvideredze zvakanyanya. (ona Mufananidzo 2) .Kazhinji, radius yeatomu yepasi isingawanzo yakakura kudarika yeatomu yearuminiyamu, uye maitiro ayo ari kushanda zvishoma.Kunyunguduka mualuminium mvura kuri nyore kwazvo kuzadza iyo yakakanganisika pamusoro peiyo alloy chikamu, iyo inoderedza kusawirirana kwepasi pachiratidziro pakati pezvikamu zvitsva uye zvekare, uye inovandudza mwero wekukura kwekristaro nucleus; Panguva imwecheteyo, inogona zvakare kuumba pamusoro. firimu rinoshanda pakati pezviyo uye mvura yakanyungudutswa kudzivirira kukura kwezviyo zvakagadzirwa uye kunatsa chimiro chealloy (ona Mufananidzo 2b).
Fig. 2 Microstructure yeAlloys ine Different RE Addition
a.RE dosage i0;b.RE yekuwedzera ndeye 0.3%;c.RE yekuwedzera ndeye 0.7%
Mushure mekuwedzera zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi αMbeu dze (Al) chikamu chakatanga kuita diki, izvo zvakaita basa mukunatsa tsangaα(Al) yakashandurwa kuita diki diki kana shamhu chimiro, apo zviri mupasi risingawanzo 0.3% α. ) chikamu ndicho chiduku, uye chinowedzera zvishoma nezvishoma nekumwe kuwedzera kwezvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi.Kuedza kwakaratidza kuti pane imwe nguva yekunyungudutswa kwepasi risingawanzoiti metamorphism, uye chete kana ichichengetwa pane tembiricha yepamusoro kwenguva yakati, nyika isingawanzo ichaita basa guru mune metamorphism.Mukuwedzera, nhamba yekristaro nuclei yemakemikari akaumbwa nearuminiyamu uye isingawanzoitiki pasi inowedzera zvikuru apo simbi inopenya, iyo inoitawo kuti alloy structure inatswe.Kutsvakurudza kunoratidza kuti nyika isingawanzoiti ine zvakanaka. kushandura maitiro pane aluminium alloy.
03 Microalloying mhedzisiro yenyika isingawanzo
Rare pasi rinonyanya kuwanikwa mualuminium uye aruminiyamu alloys mumhando nhatu: yakasimba mhinduro mune matrixα (Al); Kupatsanurwa pachikamu chechikamu, muganhu wezviyo uye dendrite muganhu;Solid solution mukati kana muchimiro chemukomboni.Kusimbisa kwepasi risingawanzo mu aruminiyamu alloys anonyanya kusanganisira kusimba kwezviyo, kusimba kwekugadzirisa mhinduro uye chikamu chechipiri kusimbiswa kwezvisingawanzo kusanganiswa kwepasi.
Kuvepo kwechimiro chepasi isingawanzo mualuminium uye aruminiyamu alloy ine hukama zvakanyanya nehuwandu hwayo hwekuwedzera.Kazhinji, kana RE yemukati iri pasi pe0.1%, basa reRE rinonyanya kusimbaradza zviyo uye kusimba kwekugadzirisa mhinduro; Kana RE yemukati iri 0.25% ~ 0.30%, RE neAl zvinoumba nhamba yakakura yespherical kana pfupi tsvimbo senge intermetallic compounds. , iyo yakagoverwa mumuganhu wezviyo kana zviyo, uye nhamba huru yekuparadzanisa, zviyo zvakanaka spheroidized zvimiro uye akapararira zvisingawanzoitiki pasi masanganiswa anooneka, ayo achabudisa micro alloying migumisiro yakadai sekusimbisa chikamu chechipiri.
◆ ◆ Mhedzisiro yepasi isingawanzoitiki pane zvinhu zvealuminium uye aluminium alloy ◆◆
01 Mhedzisiro yepasi isingawanzo pane yakazara mechanical zvimiro zvealloy
Kusimba, kuoma, kurebesa, kuomarara kwekutsemuka, kusapfeka uye zvimwe zvizere zvemakina echiwanikwa zvinogona kuvandudzwa nekuwedzera huwandu hwakakodzera hwepasi risingawanzo.0.3% RE inowedzerwa kukanda aluminium ZL10 series alloyσbkubva pa205.9 MPa kuenda pa274 MPa, uye HB kubva pa80 kusvika 108; Kuwedzera 0.42% Sc kusvika 7005 alloyσbyakawedzera kubva pa314MPa kuenda pa414MPa, σ0.2yakawedzera kubva pa282MPa kuenda ku378MPa, purasitiki yakawedzera kubva pa6.8% kusvika 10.1%, uye kugadzikana kwepamusoro-tembiricha kwakasimbiswa zvakanyanya; La naCe vanogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya superplasticity yealloy.Kuwedzera 0.14% ~ 0.64% La kune Al-6Mg-0.5Mn alloy inowedzera superplasticity kubva 430% kusvika 800% ~ 1000%;Kuongorora kwakarongeka kweAl Si alloy kunoratidza kuti simba regoho uye ekupedzisira kusimba kwesimba reiyo alloy inogona zvakanyanya. yakavandudzwa nekuwedzera huwandu hwakakodzera hweSc.Fig.3 inoratidza kutaridzika kweSEM kwekuputsika kweAl-Si7-Mg0.8alloy, izvo zvinoratidza kuti ndeye brittle cleavage fracture isina RE, nepo mushure me 0.3% RE inowedzerwa, zviri pachena dimple chimiro chinoonekwa mukutyoka, izvo zvinoratidza kuti ine yakanaka kuoma uye ductility.
Mufananidzo 3 Tensile Fracture Morphology
a.Haana kubatanidzwa RE;b.Wedzera 0.3% RE
02Mhedzisiro yeRare Earth pane Yakakwira Tembiricha Zvivakwa zveAlloys
Kuwedzera imwe chiyero cherare pasiAruminiyamu alloy inogona kunyatso kuvandudza iyo yakakwirira-tembiricha oxidation kuramba kwealuminium alloy.Kuwedzera 1% ~ 1.5% yakasanganiswa isingawanzo pasi kune yakakandwa Al Si eutectic alloy inowedzera tembiricha simba ne33%, iyo yakanyanya tembiricha inoputika simba (300 ℃, Maawa 1000) ne44%, uye kusimba kwekupfeka uye kugadzikana kwakanyanya kwekushisa kunovandudzwa zvakanyanya; Kuwedzera La, Ce, Y uye mischmetal kukanda Al Cu alloys inogona kuvandudza yakakwirira-tembiricha zvimiro zvealloys; Iyo inokurumidza kusimba Al-8.4% Fe-3.4% Ce alloy inogona kushanda kwenguva yakareba iri pasi pe400 ℃, ichivandudza zvakanyanya kupisa kwekushanda kwealuminium alloy; Sc inowedzerwa kuAl Mg Si alloy kuti iite Al.3Zvimedu zveSc izvo zvisiri nyore kukoromoka pakupisa kwepamusoro uye kubatana nematrix kupinza muganho wezviyo, kuitira kuti alloy ichengetedze chimiro chisina kujeka panguva yeannealing, uye inovandudza zvakanyanya-yepamusoro tembiricha zvimiro zvealloy.
03 Mhedzisiro yeRare Earth pane Optical Properties yeAlloys
Kuwedzera isingawanzo pasi mualuminium alloy inogona kushandura chimiro chepamusoro-soro oxide firimu, zvichiita kuti nzvimbo yacho iwedzere kupenya uye yakanaka. Kana 0.12% ~ 0.25% RE inowedzerwa kune aruminiyamu alloy, kutaridzika kweiyo oxidized uye ine mavara 6063 profiles inosvika. 92%; Kana 0.1% ~ 0.3% RE yawedzerwa kuAl Mg cast aruminiyamu alloy, alloy inogona kuwana yakanyanya kunaka kupedzisa uye gloss kusimba.
04 Mhedzisiro yeRare Earth paMagetsi Properties yeAlloys
Kuwedzera RE kune yakakwirira-kuchena aruminiyamu kunokuvadza kune conductivity yealloy, asi conductivity inogona kuvandudzwa kune imwe nhanho nekuwedzera yakakodzera RE kune industry pure aluminium uye Al Mg Si conductive alloys.Zviedzo zvekuedza zvinoratidza kuti conductivity yealuminium. inogona kuvandudzwa ne 2% ~ 3% nekuwedzera 0.2% RE.Kuwedzera zvishoma yttrium rich rare earth muAl Zr alloy inogona kuvandudza conductivity yealloy, iyo yakagamuchirwa nemafekitari akawanda ewaya epamba; Wedzera trace rare earth. kune yakakwirira-kuchena aluminium kugadzira Al RE foil capacitor.Kana yakashandiswa muzvigadzirwa zve 25kV, iyo capacitance index yakapetwa kaviri, huwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hunowedzerwa ne5 nguva, uremu hunoderedzwa ne47%, uye capacitor volume inoderedzwa zvikuru.
05Mhedzisiro yeRare Earth paCorrosion Resistance yeAlloy
Mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzebasa, kunyanya pamberi pe chloride ions, alloys ari panjodzi yekuora, crevice corrosion, stress corrosion uye corrosion kuneta.Kuitira kuvandudza kushorwa kwearuminiyamu alloys, zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakaitwa.Zvinoonekwa kuti kuwedzera huwandu hwakakodzera hwepasi kune aruminiyamu alloys kunogona kuvandudza kusimba kwavo kwekuora. Mienzaniso yakagadzirwa nekuwedzera huwandu hwakasiyana hwepasi rakasanganiswa risingawanzo (0.1% ~ 0.5%) kune aruminiyamu yakanyudzwa mumvura yegungwa nemvura yegungwa yekugadzira katatu akatevedzana. makore.Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti kuwedzera ivhu shoma shoma kualuminium kunogona kuvandudza kusaora kwealuminium, uye kusaora kwemarara mumvura yegungwa nemvura yegungwa ine 24% uye 32% yakakwirira kupfuura iyo yealuminium, zvichiteerana; Rare Earth multi-component penetrant (La, Ce, nezvimwewo), iyo isingawanzo kutendeuka pasi firimu inogona kuumbwa pamusoro peiyo 2024 alloy, ichiita iyo yepamusoro electrode kugona kwealuminium alloy inoita kunge yakafanana, uye kuvandudza kuramba intergranular corrosion uye stress corrosion; Kuwedzera La kune yakakwira Mg aluminium alloy inogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya anti marine corrosion kugona kweiyo alloy; Kuwedzera 1.5% ~ 2.5% Nd kune aruminiyamu alloys kunogona kuvandudza yakanyanya-tembiricha mashandiro, kusimba kwemhepo uye kusagadzikana kwemarara. alloys, ayo anoshandiswa zvakanyanya sezvinhu zvemuchadenga.
◆ ◆ Kugadzirira teknolojia yerare earth aluminium alloy ◆ ◆
Rare pasi rinonyanya kuwedzerwa muchimiro chekutevera zvinhu mualuminium alloys uye mamwe alloys.Rare Earth ine yakakwira makemikari kuita, yakakwirira kunyungudika, uye iri nyore kuve oxidized uye kupiswa nekupisa kwakanyanya.Izvi zvakakonzera mamwe matambudziko mukugadzirira uye kushandiswa kweashoma pasi aruminiyamu alloys.Muongororo yenguva refu yekuedza, vanhu vanoramba vachiongorora nzira dzekugadzirira zvisingawanzoitiki pasi pevhu aluminium alloys.Parizvino, nzira huru dzekugadzira dzekugadzira zvisingawanzoitiki pasi aluminium alloys. inzira yekusanganisa, yakanyungudutswa munyu electrolysis nzira uye aluminothermic kuderedza nzira.
01 Kusanganisa nzira
Yakasanganiswa yekunyungudutsa nzira ndeyekuwedzera isingawanzo ivhu kana yakasanganiswa isingawanzo simbi yepasi mune yakakwira-tembiricha aluminium mvura muchiyero kugadzira master alloy kana application alloy, wobva wanyungudutsa master alloy nearuminiyamu yasara zvinoenderana nemvumo yakaverengerwa pamwe chete, simbisa nekunatsa. .
02 Electrolysis
Iyo yakanyungudutswa yemunyu electrolysis nzira ndeyekuwedzera isingawanzo pasi oxide kana isingawanzo munyu munyu muindasitiri aruminiyamu electrolytic sero uye electrolyze nearuminiyamu oxide kugadzira isingawanzo pasi aruminiyamu alloy.Kunyungudutswa kwemunyu electrolysis nzira yakagadzira nekukurumidza muChina.Kazhinji, pane nzira mbiri, dzinoti, mvura cathode nzira uye electrolytic eutectoid nzira.Parizvino, yakagadziridzwa kuti isingawanzo pasi makomisheni anogona kuwedzerwa zvakananga kuindasitiri aluminium electrolytic masero, uye isingawanzo pasi aluminium alloys inogona kugadzirwa ne electrolysis ye chloride inonyungudika ne eutectoid nzira.
03 Aluminothermic kuderedza nzira
Nemhaka yokuti aluminium ine simba rakasimba rekudzikisa, uye aluminium inogona kuumba zvakasiyana-siyana zve intermetallic compounds nepasi risingawanzoitiki, aluminium inogona kushandiswa sechinhu chinoderedza kugadzirira zvisingawanzoitiki pasi aluminium alloys.Maitirwo makuru emakemikari anoratidzwa mumutsara unotevera:
RE2O3+ 6Al→ 2Chaiyo2+ Al2O3
Pakati pazvo, isingawanzo pasi oxide kana isingawanzo pasi yakapfuma slag inogona kushandiswa se isingawanzo pasi mbishi zvinhu; Iyo inodzikisa mumiririri inogona kuve yeindasitiri yakachena aluminium kana nesilicon aruminiyamu; Iyo tembiricha yekudzikisa i1400 ℃ ~ 1600 ℃. Muchikamu chekutanga, yakatakurwa. kunze pasi pemamiriro ekuvapo kweajenti yekudziya uye kuyerera, uye yakanyanya kuderedza tembiricha inogona kukonzera matambudziko mazhinji; Mumakore achangopfuura, vaongorori vakagadzira nzira itsva yekudzikisa aluminothermic.Pane yakadzika tembiricha (780 ℃), iyo aluminothermic yekudzikisa reaction inopedzwa muhurongwa hwe sodium fluoride uye sodium chloride, iyo inodzivirira matambudziko anokonzerwa nekupisa kwekutanga.
◆ ◆ Kufambira mberi kwekushandiswa kwerare earth aluminium alloy ◆ ◆
01 Kushandiswa kweasingawanzo pasi aluminium alloy muindasitiri yemagetsi
Nekuda kwemabhenefiti ezvakanaka conductivity, yakakura yazvino kutakura kugona, simba rakakura, kusapfeka, kugadzirisa nyore uye hupenyu hurefu hwesevhisi, isingawanzo pasi aruminiyamu alloy inogona kushandiswa kugadzira tambo, tambo dzekufambisa dzepamusoro, waya cores, slide waya uye waya dzakatetepa dze. zvinangwa zvakakosha.Kuwedzera zvishoma zveRE muAl Si alloy system inogona kuvandudza conductivity, iyo imhaka yekuti silicon mualuminium alloy chinhu chisina kuchena chine zvinyorwa zvepamusoro, izvo zvine simba guru pamagetsi emagetsi.Kuwedzera huwandu hwakakodzera hwepasi isingawanzo kuvandudza morphology iripo uye kugoverwa kwesilicon mune alloy, iyo inogona zvinobudirira kuvandudza magetsi ealuminium aruminiyamu; Kuwedzera shoma shoma yeyttrium kana yttrium yakapfuma yakasanganiswa isingawanzo pasi mumhepo inodzivirira kupisa kwealuminium alloy waya. haingogone kuchengetedza kuita kwakanaka kwepamusoro-tembiricha asi zvakare kunatsiridza conductivity; Rare pasi rinogona kuvandudza kusimba kwesimba, kupisa kupisa uye kushorwa kwekupokana kwealuminium alloy system.Cables uye conductors akagadzirwa neasingawanzo pasi aluminium alloy anogona kuwedzera nguva yetambo shongwe uye kuwedzera hupenyu hwesevhisi hwetambo.
02Kushandiswa kweiyo isingawanzo pasi aluminium alloy muindasitiri yekuvaka
6063 aluminium alloy ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa muindasitiri yekuvaka.Kuwedzera 0.15% ~ 0.25% isingawanzo pasi inogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya iyo yakakandwa chimiro uye chimiro chekugadzirisa, uye inogona kuvandudza iyo extrusion mashandiro, kupisa kupisa maitiro, mechanical zvivakwa, corrosion resistance, kushanda kwepamusoro kurapwa uye toni yemavara.Inowanikwa kuti nyika isingawanzo inonyanya kugoverwa mu6063 aruminiyamu alloyα-Al inoderedza muganhu wechikamu, muganhu wezviyo uye interdendritic, uye inonyungudutswa mumakomponi kana kuvapo muchimiro chemishonga yekunatsa dendrite chimiro uye zviyo, kuitira kuti ukuru hweeutectic isina kunyungudika uye ukuru. ye dimple munzvimbo ye dimple inova yakanyanya kudiki, kugovera kwakafanana, uye kuwanda kunowedzera, kuitira kuti zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvealloy zvivandudzwe kune zvidimbu zvakasiyana.Semuenzaniso, kusimba kweiyo profil inowedzerwa neanopfuura makumi maviri muzana, kureba kunowedzerwa ne50%, uye corrosion rate inoderedzwa nekanopfuura kaviri, Ukobvu hweiyo oxide firimu hunowedzera ne5% ~ 8%, uye iyo coloring pfuma inowedzera neinenge 3%.Saka, RE-6063 alloy building profiles anoshandiswa zvakanyanya.
03Kushandiswa kweasingawanzo pasi aluminium alloy mune zvigadzirwa zvezuva nezuva
Kuwedzera tsvagiridzo isingawanzo kurongeka kune yakachena aruminiyamu uye Al Mg akateedzana aruminiyamu alloys ekushandisa zuva nezuva zvigadzirwa zvealuminium zvinogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya ma mechanic properties, yakadzika yekudhirowa pfuma uye kushora kuramba. aruminiyamu fenicha inotsigira, mabhasikoro ealuminium, uye midziyo yemumba yakagadzirwa neAl Mg RE alloy ine kanopfuura kaviri kuramba kwecorrosion, 10% ~ 15% kuderedza uremu, 10% ~ 20% kuwedzera goho, 10% ~ 15% kuderedza mutengo wekugadzira, uye zviri nani kudhirowa kwakadzika uye kushanda kwakadzika kwekugadzirisa zvichienzaniswa nealuminium alloy zvigadzirwa pasina nyika isingawanzo. .
04 Kushandiswa kweasingawanzo pasi aluminium alloy mune zvimwe zvinhu
Kuwedzera zviuru zvishoma zvepasi zvisingawanzo muAl Si inonyanya kushandiswa yakatevedzana kukanda alloy inogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya machining mashandiro eiyo alloy.Zvigadzirwa zvakawanda zvezvigadzirwa zvakashandiswa mundege, ngarava, mota, injini dzedhiziri, midhudhudhu nemotokari dzine zvombo (piston, gearbox, cylinder, instrumentation nezvimwe zvikamu). Mukutsvakurudza uye kushandisa, zvinoonekwa kuti Sc ndiyo inonyanya kushanda chinhu gadzirisa chimiro uye zvimiro zvealuminium alloys.Iine kusimba kwekupararira kwakasimba, kusimba kwezviyo, kusimbisa mhinduro uye microalloy kusimbisa mhedzisiro paaluminium, uye inogona kuvandudza simba, kuomarara, plastiki, kuoma, kushorwa kwecorrosion, kupisa kupisa, nezvimwewo zvealloys.Sc Al series alloys yakashandiswa mu maindasitiri epamusoro-soro akadai seaerospace, ngarava, zvitima zvinomhanya-mhanya, mota dzakareruka, etc.C557Al Mg Zr Sc series scandium aluminium alloy yakagadzirwa neNASA ine simba repamusoro uye tembiricha yakadzika uye yakadzika tembiricha kugadzikana uye yakashandiswa kune ndege fuselage uye ndege. Zvimiro zvezvikamu; Iyo 0146Al Cu Li Sc alloy yakagadziridzwa neRussia yakaiswa kune cryogenic fuel tank ye spacecraft.
Kubva muBhuku 33, Chinyorwa 1 cheRare Earth naWang Hui, Yang An naYun Qi
Nguva yekutumira: Jul-05-2023