Njengoko sikhangela umhlaba omangalisayo wezinto,i-erbiumitsala ingqalelo yethu ngepropathi yayo eyahlukileyo kunye nexabiso lesicelo elinokubakho. Ukusuka kuLwandle olunzulu ukuya kwindawo engaphandle, ukusuka kwizixhobo zangoku ze-elektroniki kwiTekhnoloji yamandla eluhlaza, ukusetyenziswa kwei-erbiumKwicandelo leSayensi liyaqhubeka nokwandisa, ukubonisa ixabiso layo elingenakuthelekiswa nanto.
I-Erbium yafunyanwa nguSweden Chemist Mosander ngo-1843 ngokuhlalutya i-yttrium. Ekuqaleni kwasekuqaleni kwe-oxia ye-erbium njengeI-Terbim Oxide,Ke ekuqaleni koncwadi lwaseJamani, i-terbim oxide kunye ne-erbim oxide yayididekile.
Kwakungekho kude kube emva kwe-1860 ukuba yalungiswa. Ngexesha elinye xai-lanthanumyafunyanwa, i-mosander ihlalutywe kwaye ifundwe kwangaphambili yafunyanwayttrium, wapapasha ingxelo ngo-1842, ecacisa ukuba kufunyenweyttriumYayingesosinqwirha esinye, kodwa i-oxide yezinto ezintathu. Wasabiza enye yawo yeYttrium, kwaye ebize omnye waboi-erbia(i-orbium umhlaba). Isimboli ye-LIST isetiwe njengeEr. Ibizwa ngegama emva kwendawo elakwa-Yttrium Ore yafunyanwa kuqala, idolophu encinci ye-Ytter ngasekupheleni kweStockholm, eSweden. Ukufunyanwa kwe-Erbium kunye nezinye izinto ezimbini,i-lanthanumkwayeI-Terbium, yavula ucango lwesibini ekufumaneniizinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, eli linqanaba lesibini lokufunyanwa kwezinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo. Ukufunyanwa kwabo sisithathu sezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba emvai-ceriumkwayeyttrium.
Namhlanje, siza kuqalisa kolu hambo lokuphononongwa kunye ukuze sifumane ukuqonda okunzulu kweepropathi ezizodwa ze-Erbium kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwitekhnoloji yale mihla.
Izicelo zesicelo se-erbim
1. Itekhnoloji ye-laser:Inqaku le-Erbim lisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwitekhnoloji yase-laser, ngakumbi i-lasers eqinileyo-yombuso. I-erbium i-ion inokuvelisa i-lavers enamaza malunga ne-1.5 microns kwizixhobo eziqinileyo-zombulelo, ezibaluleke kakhulu kwimihlaba efana nonxibelelwano lwe-fiber-optic kunye notyando lwaseMsebenzini we-fiber.
2. Unxibelelwano lwe-fiber-optic:Kuba into e-Erbium inokuvelisa i-wavelength ukuba isebenze ngonxibelelwano lwe-fiber-optic, isetyenziswa kwi-fiber amplifiers. Oku kunceda ukuphucula umgama wothumelwano kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemiqondiso ye-gothical kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kweenethiwekhi zonxibelelwano.
I-3. Unyango lwe-Laser Looftware:I-erbim i-lars isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwicandelo lezonyango, ngakumbi ukunqunyulwa kwezicubu kunye nokuhla kwengca. Ukukhetha kweWevelechongth yayo kuvumela i-Erbium Lasers ukuba ingene kwaye isetyenziselwe utyando oluphezulu lwe-laser, njengokuhlishwa kwe-ophthalmic.
I-4. Izixhobo zemagneti kunye ne-magnetic reming (Mri):Ukongezwa kwe-erbium kwezinye izixhobo zemagneti kunokutshintsha iipropathi zabo zemagneti, zenza ukuba izicelo zibalulekile kwi-Magnetic RecenOnce Vieng (Mri). I-ERBIUM-eyongezwe izixhobo zemagnethiium zinokusetyenziselwa ukuphucula umahluko wemifanekiso ye-MRI.
I-5. Iimpawu zokukhanya:I-Erbium ikwasetyenziswa kwi-Amplailid Amplifis. Ngokongeza i-erbium kwi-Amplifier, ukufumana kunokufezekiswa kwinkqubo yonxibelelwano, ukwandisa amandla kunye nokuhambisa umgama obonakalayo.
I-6. Umzi-mveliso weNyukliya:I-erbium-167 isotope inecandelo le-neutron elinqamlezileyo le-Neutron, ngoko isetyenziswa njengomthombo we-neutron kwishishini le-Nuklente kwi-Nutlen efungelweyo kunye noLawulo lweNyukliya.
7. Uphando kunye neelebhu:I-Erbium isetyenziswa njengommisi owodwa kunye uphawu omakisha kwilebhu lophando kunye nezicelo zelebhu. Iipropathi zayo ezibonakalayo kunye neepropathi zemagneri zenza ukuba idlale indima ebalulekileyo kuphando lwezenzululwazi.
I-ERBIUM idlala indima engenayo kwiSayensi yanamhlanje neTekhnoloji kunye namayeza, kunye neepropathi zayo ezizodwa zibonelela ngenkxaso ebalulekileyo kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo.
Iipropathi zomzimba ze-erbium
Inkangeleko: i-erbium yi-Silry Shortm emhlophe, isinyithi esomeleleyo.
Ukuxinana: I-Erbium inexilongo malunga ne-9.066 g / cm3. Oku kubonisa ukuba i-erbium yintsimbi emnandi.
Inqaku lokunyibilika: i-erbium inomqala wokunyibilika kwe-1,529 i-cesius (2,784 degrees fahrenheit). Oku kuthetha ukuba kubushushu obuphezulu, i-Erbium inokuguqulela kwiLizwe eliqinileyo ukuya kwiLizwe lolwelo.
Inqaku lokubila: I-erbium inendawo yokubila ye-2,870 degrees celsius (5,198 degrees fahrees). Le yindawo apho i-erbium Transtions isuka kwi-Liciel State kwimeko yegesi kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu.
Ukuqhutywa: I-Erbium yenye yezinyithi ezisebenzayo ngakumbi kwaye iqulethe indlela elungileyo yombane.
I-magnetism: kubushushu begumbi, i-erbium yindawo ye-ferroomagnetic. Ibonisa i-feromagnetism engezantsi kobushushu obuthile, kodwa ilahlekile le ndawo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu.
Umzuzu we-Magnetic: I-Erbium inomzuzu omkhulu wemagnetic, eyenza ibalulekile kwizixhobo zemagneti kunye nezicelo zemagnethi.
Isakhiwo sekristali: kubushushu begumbi, ubume be-crystal ye-erbim yi-hexagonal ipakethi ekufuphi. Eli sakhiwo lichaphazela iipropathi zalo kwinqanaba eliqinileyo.
Ukuqhubela phambili kwe-thermal: i-erbium inomgangatho ophezulu wokuphumelela, ibonisa ukuba iyayenza kakuhle ekuphumenisweni kwe-thermal.
I-radioudicaction: i-erbium ngokwayo ayisiyo into ephantsi kwerediyo, kwaye isotoves yayo ininzi kakhulu.
Iipropathi ezibonakalayo: I-Erbium ibonisa ukufungelwa kunye nemigca ekhutshwayo kwindawo ebonakalayo nekufuphi, eyenza iluncedo kwitekhnoloji yase-laser kunye nezicelo zamehlo.
Iipropathi zomzimba zezinto ze-Erbium zenza ukuba isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwitekhnoloji ye-laser, unxibelelwano olunjalo, amayeza kunye nezinye izinto zenzululwazi nezobuchwephesha.
Iipropathi zeekhemikhali ze-erbium
Isimboli yekhemikhali: Umqondiso wekhemikhali wase-Erbium yinto.
Imo ye-oxidation: i-erbium idla ngokuba yi-Nationation State, eyona nto iqhelekileyo ye-oxivication. Kwimilinganiselo, i-Erbium inokwenza i-Er ^ 3 + i-ion.
Ukuhlawulwa kwakhona: I-erbium ithe wazinza kubushushu begumbi, kodwa iya kuba kancinci kancinci emoyeni. Inika ithuba lokufumana amanzi kunye ne-acids, ukuze ihlale izinzile kwezinye izicelo.
I-Solidaime: I-Erbim inyibilikisa i-Inorganic i-Inorgain i-AIDS yokuvelisa iityuwa ezihambelana ne-Urbium.
Ukuphendula ngeoksijini: i-erbium inika ioksijini ukuya ekutyibilikeni, ubukhulu becalaEr2o3 (I-erbium diokside). Esi sisiseko esibomvu se-rose esihlala sisetyenziswa kwi-cheramic qhwa kunye nezinye iinkqubo.
Impendulo kunye ne-halogens: i-erbium inokusabela ngee-halogens ukwenza ii-hallides ezihambelana nayo, ezinjeI-Erbbim Flooride (Erf3), i-erbim chloride (I-ercl3), njl.
Ukuphendula nge-SULFUR: i-erbium inokuphendula nge-sulfur ukwenza i-sulfides, njengei-erbim sulfide (er2s3).
Impendulo kunye ne-nitrogen: i-erbium iphinda iphindwe nge-nitrogen ukwenzai-erbim nitride (ern).
I-ERBIUS: I-ERBIUM YENZA IZIBHENO ZOKUGQIBELA, ngakumbi kwi-organometallic chemistry. Ezi zinto zisemva zinexabiso lesicelo kwi-cataisis kunye nezinye iinkalo.
I-isotopes eqingqiweyo: i-erbium ineendawo ezineziseko ezininzi, ezona zininzi ziyinto eninzi eyi-Er-166. Ukongeza, i-erbium inamanye amathole e-radiopective, kodwa intabalala yawo iphantsi.
Iipropathi zekhemikhali ze-Erbium zeShemikhali zenza ukuba zibe yinto ebalulekileyo yezicelo ezininzi ze-Tech, zibonisa ukubaluleka kwayo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.
Ipropathi yebhayoloji ye-erbium
I-Erbium inepropathi embalwa yebhayoloji kwizinto eziphilayo, kodwa ezinye izifundo zibonise ukuba zinokuthatha inxaxheba kwezinye iinkqubo zebhayoloji phantsi kweemeko ezithile.
Ukufumaneka kwebhayoloji: I-Erbium ngumkhondo wezinto ezininzi, kodwa kufungozekile ukuba kufumaneke i-bioaaasms iphantsi.I-lanthanumI-ion kunzima ukuba ingene kwaye isetyenziswe zizinto eziphilayo, ngenxa yoko azifane zidlale indima ebalulekileyo kwizinto eziphilayo.
Ityhefu: I-erbium ithathelwa ingqalelo ukuba inetyhefu esezantsi, ngakumbi xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo. Imigaqo ye-Erbium ithathelwa ingqalelo njengento engenabungozi kugxininiseko oluthile. Nangona kunjalo, ukugxininisa okuphezulu kwe-lanthanum I-IYO I-IIL enokuba nefuthe kwizinto eziphilayo, ezinje ngomonakalo weseli kunye nokuphazamiseka kwemisebenzi yomzimba.
Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwebhayoloji: Nangona i-erbium inemisebenzi embalwa kwizinto eziphilayo, ezinye izifundo zibonise ukuba zinokuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo ezithile zebhayoloji. Umzekelo, ezinye izifundo zibonise ukuba i-Erbimu ingadlala indima ethile ekukhuthazeni ukukhula nokuntyatyambo kwezityalo.
Izicelo zonyango: I-Erbium kunye nezithintelo zayo nazo zinezicelo ezithile kwicandelo lezonyango. Umzekelo, i-Erbium inokusetyenziswa kunyango lweeradionuclides ezithile, njengommeli we-gestrointenal phecana, kwaye njengeongezisi ezincedisayo. Kwimifanekiso yokucinga yezonyango, i-erbium copunds ngamanye amaxesha isetyenziswa njengamakhadi athelekiswayo.
Umxholo emzimbeni: i-Erbium ikho kwinani elincinci kwindalo, ke ngoko kwanomxholo wayo uninzi lwezinto eziphilayo nalo luphantsi. Kwezinye izifundo, kufunyenwe ukuba ezinye ii-microorganisms kunye nezityalo zinokukwazi ukufunxa kwaye ziqokelele i-Erbium.
Kufuneka iqatshelwe ukuba i-Erbium ayisiyonto ibalulekileyo emzimbeni womntu, ke ukuqondwa kwemisebenzi yayo yebhayoloji kuhlala kunomda. Okwangoku, izicelo eziphambili ze-erbium zisagxininiswa kwimihlaba yezobuchwephesha njengenzululwazi, ii-optics, kunye neyeza lebhayoloji.
Ukuvelisa kunye nokuveliswa kwe-erbium
I-erbium yindawo enqabileyo yomhlaba enqabileyo enqabileyo kwindalo.
1. Ubukho kwi-rust yomhlaba: I-Erbium ikhona emhlabeni, kodwa umxholo wayo usezantsi. Umxholo wayo ophakathi malunga ne-0.3 mg / kg. I-Erbium ikakhulu ikhona kwi-ores, kunye nezinye izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo.
2. Ukuhanjiswa kwee-ores: i-erbium ikakhulu ikhona kwi-ores. I-ores eqhelekileyo iquka i-yttrium erbium ore, i-erbim aluminum, i-erbim ye-potassium ilitye, njl. Njl. I-erbium ihlala ikhona kwifom endiyithandayo.
3. Amazwe aphambili emveliso: Amazwe aphambili e-Erbium abandakanya i-China, eUnited States, eOstreliya, eBrazil, njl njl.
I-4. Indlela yokukhupha: I-Erbium ihlala ikhutshelwa kwi-ores ngenkqubo yokukhupha izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. Oku kubandakanya uthotho lwamanqanaba emichiza kunye nokunyibilikisa ukwahlukana nokucoca i-Erim.
5. Ubudlelwane nezinye izinto: I-Erbium inepropathi efanayo kwezinye izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, kunjalo kwiNkqubo yokukhupha kunye nenkqubo yokwahluka, ihlala iyimfuneko ukuthathela ingqalelo impembelelo kunye nezinye izinto ezinqabileyo.
6. Iindawo zesicelo: I-Erbium isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwicandelo lezenzululwazi nobuchwephesha, ngakumbi kunxibelelwano olukhethekileyo, itekhnoloji yase-laser kunye nemvathango lonyango. Ngenxa yepropathi yayo yokuhlola kwiglasi, i-erbium ikwasetyenziswa kulungiselelo lweglasi yokukhanya.
Nangona i-erbium inqabile kwi-rust yomhlaba, ngenxa yepropathi yayo eyahlukileyo kwizicelo ezithile zetekhnoloji, imfuno yayo inyukile, ikhokelela kuphuhliso oluqhubekayo kunye nokuphuculwa kwetekhnoloji yokulungisa imigodi kunye netekhnoloji yokuphucula imigodi.
Iindlela zokufunyanwa eziqhelekileyo ze-Erbium
Iindlela zokuchonga ze-Erbium zihlala zibandakanya iindlela zohlalutyo. Oku kulandelayo yintshayelelo eneenkcukacha kwezinye iindlela ezisetyenzisiweyo ze-erbium eziqhelekileyo:
I-1. I-Atomic Atomic Spectrometry (AAS): I-AAS yinto esetyenziswayo esetyenzisiweyo yohlalutyo oluqhelekileyo lokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kokumisela umxholo wezinto zensimbi kwisampulu. Kwi-AAS, isampulu yi-AIMOTADED kwaye idlulile ngomqanda wokukhanya kwesabelo esithile, kwaye ubunzulu bokukhanya okuthathwe kukukhanya kufumaniswe ukumisela uxinzelelo lwezinto.
I-2. I-Inburmat Plated Plassion Ext SpectRomatry (i-ICP-OE): I-ICP-OE yindlela enobuthathaka kakhulu kuhlalutyo lwezinto ezininzi. Kwi-ICP-OE, isampulu iyadlula kwi-plasma edityanisiweyo yokuvelisa i-platory yeqondo lokushisa elibonisa ii-atom kwisampulu yokukhupha i-spectrium. Ngokuchonga i-waventength kunye nobunzulu bokukhanya okukhutshiweyo, uxinzelelo lwento nganye kwisampulu inokugqitywa.
3. I-Serctrometry (ICP-MS): ICP-NS idibanisa isizukulwana esine-plasma esitshatileyo kunye nokusonjululwa okuphezulu kwe-supectrometry kwaye kungasetyenziselwa uhlalutyo lwezinto eziphantsi kakhulu. Kwi-ICP-Nks, isampulu ifakwe i-vaporled kunye ne-ionesred, kwaye yafunyanwa yi-spectrometer enkulu ukufumana isiseko sezinto nganye, ngaloo ndlela sibonisa ukugxila kwaso.
I-4. I-Fluorescence Specturcopy: I-Fluorescence Speciproscopp ichaza uxinzelelo ngokucutha izinto ze-Erbim kwisampulu kunye nokulinganisa umqondiso we-fluorescence. Le ndlela isebenza ngokukhethekileyo kwimikhondo yomhlaba onqabileyo.
I-5. I-Chromatography: I-Chromatography inokusetyenziselwa ukwahlula kwaye ibone i-erbim copunds. Umzekelo, i-chromatography ye-chromatography kunye nenqanaba le-chromatography ye-chromatography ingenziwa zombini kuhlalutyo lwe-erbium.
Ezi ndlela zihlala zifuna ukwenziwa kwindawo yelebhu kwaye zifuna ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo eziphambili kunye nezixhobo. Ukukhethwa kwendlela efanelekileyo yokuchonga ihlala ixhomekeke kuhlobo lwesampulu, ubuntununtunu, isisombululo, kunye nokufumaneka kwezixhobo zelebhu.
Ukusetyenziswa okuthile kwendlela ye-atomic yokufunxa yokulinganisa into e-Erbium
Kwimilinganiselo yenqaku, indlela yeatomic ye-atomic ineemvakalelo eziphezulu kunye nemvakalelo, kwaye ibonelela ngeendlela ezisebenzayo zokufunda iipropathi zekhemikhali, ukwenziwa komxholo kunye nomxholo wezinto.
Okulandelayo, sisebenzisa indlela yeatom ye-atomic yokulinganisa umxholo wezinto ze-Erbim. Amanyathelo athile alandelayo:
Okokuqala, kuyimfuneko ukuba balungiselele isampulu equkethe i-erbium. Isampulu inokuqina, ulwelo okanye irhasi. Kwiisampulu eziqinileyo, zihlala ziyimfuneko ukunyibilikisa okanye zinyibilikise ngenkqubo yeatomili elandelayo.
Khetha i-atomic efanelekileyo yokufumana i-atomic. Ngokweempawu zesampulu ukuba zilinganiswe kwaye uluhlu lwe-erbium umxholo ukuze ulinganiswe, khetha i-Atomic efanelekileyo ye-Atomic.
Lungisa iiparamitha ze-Atomic Atomic AnsorMometer. Ngokwenyani yokulinganiswa kunye nemodeli yesixhobo, hlengahlengisa iiparamitha ze-atomic arutiction shotirmeter, kubandakanya umthombo wokukhanya, iatomizer, njl.
Linganisa i-absusby yento e-Erbim. Beka isampulu ukuba ihlolwe kwi-atomizer, kwaye ikhuphe imitha yokukhanya enamaza athile ngomthombo wokukhanya. Inqaku le-Erbim ekufuneka livavanyiwe liza kuthatha le mitha yokukhanya kwaye ivelise ingqesho yenqanaba lamandla. I-absorbloy yento ye-Erbim ilinganiswa ngumthombo.
Bala umxholo wento ye-Erbim. Bala umxholo wezinto ze-erbium ngokusekwe ekufumaneni kunye nejika eliqhelekileyo.
Kwinqanaba lezenzululwazi, i-Erbium, kunye neepropathi zayo ezingaqondakaliyo nezizodwa, zongeze umdla omangalisayo wokuhlonela ubuchwephesha bobuchwephesha kunye nezinto ezintsha. Ukusuka kubunzulu bomhlaba kwizicelo ze-Tech-Tech kwilebhu, uhambo luka-Erbium luye lwalubona ukulufumana abantu kumyoli wemfihlakalo yento. Isicelo sayo kunxibelelwano olukhethekileyo, itekhnoloji ye-laser kunye namayeza inamathuba amaninzi ebomini bethu, sisivumela ukuba siphathelele kwiindawo ezazifuduswa.
Kanye njengokuba i-Erbium ikhanya ngesiqwenga seglasi ye-crystal kwi-Optics yokukhanyisa indlela engaziwayo ngaphambili, ivula umnyango kwinzonzobila yolwazi lwabaphandi. I-erbium ayisiyo yonke inkwenkwezi ekhanyayo kwitafile yamaxesha, kodwa kunye nomncedisi onamandla woluntu ukuba anyuke incindi yesayensi kunye netekhnoloji.
Ndiyathemba ukuba kwiminyaka ezayo, sinokuphonononga imfihlakalo ye-Erbium kwaye siyimba izicelo ezimangalisayo, ukuze le nto "iya kuqhubeka ikhanyayo kwaye ikhanyise indlela eya phambili kuphuhliso lomntu. Ibali le-Erbium le-Erbium liyaqhubeka, kwaye sijonge phambili kwinto ye-isbit yexesha elizayo iya kusibonisa kwinqanaba lezenzululwazi.
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