Isingeniso Sokusetshenziswa Kwemihlaba Engavamile
Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile zaziwa ngokuthi "amavithamini ezimbonini", ne Irreplaceable omuhle kazibuthe, optical kanye nezakhiwo zikagesi, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza komkhiqizo, ukwandisa ezihlukahlukene umkhiqizo, ngcono ukukhiqiza ukusebenza kahle uye wadlala indima enkulu.Ngenxa yendima enkulu yomhlaba ongavamile, ukusetshenziswa kwemincane, sekuyinto ebalulekile yokuthuthukisa isakhiwo somkhiqizo, ukuthuthukisa okuqukethwe kwesayensi nezobuchwepheshe, ukukhuthaza inqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe embonini, sekusetshenziswe kabanzi kwezensimbi, ezempi, ze-petrochemical, izitsha zobumba zengilazi. , ezolimo nezinto ezintsha kanye neminye imikhakha.
Imboni ye-Metallurgical
Amadodana nezindela zomhlaba ezingavamile ziye zasetshenziswa emkhakheni metallurgy iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30, futhi kwakheka ubuchwepheshe obuvuthiwe xaxa kanye nobuchwepheshe, imihlaba ezingavamile ngensimbi, izinsimbi non-ayoni, iyindawo enkulu, has amathemba abanzi.Izinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile noma i-fluoride, i-silicate eyengezwe ensimbi, ingadlala indima yokucwenga, i-desulfurization, indawo encibilikayo eyingozi ephakathi nendawo nephansi, futhi ingathuthukisa ukusebenza kokucubungula kwensimbi;Isetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yezimoto, ugandaganda, diesel nakweminye imboni yokukhiqiza imishini, insimbi yomhlaba engavamile eyengezwe ku-magnesium, i-aluminium, ithusi, i-zinc, i-nickel namanye ama-alloys angewona ayoni, ingathuthukisa izakhiwo zomzimba namakhemikhali zama-alloys, futhi ithuthukise. izinga lokushisa lekamelo kanye nokushisa okuphezulu kwezakhiwo zemishini yama-alloys.
Ngenxa yokuthi umhlaba ongavamile unezinto ezibonakalayo ezinhle kakhulu ezifana ne-optical kanye ne-electromagnetic, ungenza izinto ezintsha ezinezakhiwo ezahlukene kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinye izinto, ezingathuthukisa kakhulu izinga nokusebenza kweminye imikhiqizo.Ngakho-ke, kunegama elithi "igolide lezimboni".Okokuqala, ukwengeza umhlaba ongavamile kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwamathangi, izindiza, imicibisholo, insimbi, i-aluminium alloy, i-magnesium alloy, ukusebenza kwe-titanium alloy tactical.Ngaphezu kwalokho, umhlaba ongavamile ungasetshenziswa futhi njengama-electronics, ama-laser, imboni yenuzi, i-superconducting nezinye izinto zokuthambisa eziningi zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu.Ubuchwepheshe bomhlaba obungavamile, lapho buke busetshenziswa kwezempi, nakanjani buyoletha intuthuko kwezesayensi nobuchwepheshe bezempi.Ngomqondo othile, ukulawula okunamandla kwebutho lezempi laseMelika ezimpini zasendaweni zangemva kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, kanye nekhono lalo lokubulala isitha ngendlela engalawuleki neyomphakathi, kungenxa yesigaba salo sobuchwepheshe bomhlaba obungavamile.
I-Petrochemicals
Umhlaba ongavamile ungasetshenziswa emkhakheni we-petrochemical ukwenza ama-catalysts we-molecular sieve, ngomsebenzi ophezulu, ukukhetha okuhle, ukumelana okuqinile nobuthi bensimbi esindayo kanye nezinye izinzuzo, ngaleyo ndlela esikhundleni se-aluminium silicate catalysts yenqubo yokuqhekeka kwe-petroleum catalytic;Ivolumu yayo yegesi yokwelapha iphindwe izikhathi ezingu-1.5 kune-catalyst ye-nickel aluminium, ngesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa kwerabha ye-shunbutyl nerabha ye-isoprene, ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyclane acid engavamile emhlabeni - i-isobutyl aluminium catalyst emithathu, ithole ukusebenza komkhiqizo kuhle, nemishini encane elengayo. iglue, ukusebenza okuzinzile, inqubo emfushane emva kokwelashwa nezinye izinzuzo;njalo njalo.
I-ceramics yengilazi
Umthamo wokusetshenziswa komhlaba ongavamile embonini yengilazi kanye ne-ceramic yaseShayina ubulokhu ukhuphuka ngesilinganiso esingama-25% kusukela ngo-1988, ufinyelela amathani angaba ngu-1600 ngo-1998, futhi izinto zobumba zengilazi ezingavamile azizona nje izinto eziyisisekelo eziyisisekelo zemboni nempilo, kodwa. futhi amalungu ayinhloko emkhakheni wobuchwepheshe obuphezulu.Ama-earth oxides angavamile noma okugxilwe emhlabeni okungavamile okucutshungulwe kungasetshenziswa njengezimpushana zokupholisha ezisetshenziswa kakhulu engilazini yokubona, amalensi okubuka, amashubhu ezithombe, ama-oscilloscopetubes, ingilazi eyisicaba, ipulasitiki kanye nensimbi yokucwebezelisa etafuleni;Ukuze kukhishwe umbala oluhlaza engilazini, ukungezwa kwama-earth oxides angavamile kungakhiqiza ukusetshenziswa okuhlukile kwengilazi yokubona nengilazi ekhethekile, okuhlanganisa ingilazi ye-infrared, uv-absorbing, i-asidi nengilazi engashisi, ingilazi ye-X-ray-proof. , njll., ku-ceramic kanye ne-koqweqwe lwawo ukwengeza umhlaba ongavamile, kunganciphisa ukuqhekeka kwe-glaze, Futhi kungenza imikhiqizo ibonise imibala ehlukene kanye ne-luster, isetshenziswa kabanzi embonini ye-ceramic.
Ezolimo
Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile zingathuthukisa okuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll ezitshalweni, zithuthukise i-photosynthesis, zithuthukise ukuthuthukiswa kwezimpande, futhi zandise ukumuncwa kwezakhi zesistimu yezimpande.Imihlaba eyivelakancane ingase futhi ikhuthaze ukuhluma kwembewu, yandise izinga lokuhluma kwembewu, futhi ikhuthaze ukukhula kwezithombo.Ngaphezu kwezindima ezinkulu ezingenhla, kodwa futhi unamandla okwenza izitshalo ezithile zokuthuthukisa ukumelana nezifo, amakhaza, ukumelana nesomiso.Inani elikhulu locwaningo liphinde labonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kokugxilisa okufanelekile kwezakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile kungakhuthaza ukumuncwa, ukuguqulwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezakhi ezitshalweni.Ukufafaza umhlaba ongavamile kungathuthukisa okuqukethwe kwe-Vc, inani likashukela eliphelele kanye nesilinganiso se-asidi kashukela we-apula nezithelo ezisawolintshi, futhi kukhuthaze umbala wezithelo kanye nokubala ngaphambi kwesikhathi.Ingavimbela amandla okuphefumula ngesikhathi sokugcina futhi inciphise izinga lokubola.
Izinto ezintsha
I-Rare Earth Ferrite boron umazibuthe wezinto ezihlala unomphela, ezinozibuthe ophezulu osalayo, amandla aphezulu wamathambo kanye nokuqoqwa kwamandla kazibuthe aphezulu nezinye izici, isetshenziswa kabanzi embonini ye-elekthronikhi kanye ne-aerospace kanye nokushayela izinjini zomoya (ifanele ikakhulukazi izitshalo zokuphehla amandla ogwini);- I-aluminium garnets nengilazi ye-niobium eyenziwe nge-zirconium ehlanzekile ingasetshenziswa njengezinto eziqinile ze-laser;ama-boroncans omhlaba angavamile angasetshenziswa ukwenza izinto ze-cathodic ezikhishwe nge-elekthronikhi;Insimbi ye-niobium nickel iyinto esanda kwakhiwa yokugcina i-hydrogen ngeminyaka yawo-1970;futhi i-chromic acid iyinto yokushisa ephezulu ye-thermoelectric material Njengamanje, izinto zokwakha eziphezulu ezenziwe nge-niobium-based oxides ngokuthuthukiswa kwezakhi ze-oksijeni ezisekelwe ku-niobium emhlabeni zingathola ama-superconductors endaweni yokushisa ye-nitrogen ewuketshezi, eyenza intuthuko ekuthuthukisweni. yezinto zokwakha ze-superconducting.Ngaphezu kwalokho, umhlaba ongavamile ubuye usetshenziswe kabanzi emithonjeni yokukhanya efana ne-phosphors, i-phosphor yesikrini ethuthukisiwe, i-phosphor enemibala emithathu, izimpushana zokukhanya ezikopishiwe (kodwa ngenxa yezindleko eziphakeme zamanani omhlaba angavamile, ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa kokukhanyisa kwehle kancane kancane), ukuqagela. amaphilisi kamabonakude neminye imikhiqizo kagesi;Ingakwazi ukwandisa ukuphuma kwayo ngo-5 kuya ku-10%, embonini yendwangu, i-chloride yomhlaba engavamile ibuye isetshenziswe kakhulu ekushiseni uboya, ukudaya uboya, ukudaya uboya kanye nokudaywa kwekhaphethi, kanti umhlaba ongavamile ungasetshenziswa ekuguquleni i-catalytic yezimoto ukunciphisa okuyinhloko. izinto ezingcolisayo enjinini zikhipha igesi zibe izinhlanganisela ezingenabuthi.
Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza
Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile zibuye zisetshenziswe emikhiqizweni eyahlukene yedijithali okuhlanganisa okulalelwayo nokubonwayo, ukuthwebula izithombe, ukuxhumana nezinhlobonhlobo zemishini yedijithali, ukuhlangabezana nomkhiqizo omncane, osheshayo, olula, isikhathi eside wokusebenzisa, ukonga amandla nezinye izidingo eziningi.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iphinde isetshenziswe emandleni aluhlaza, ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha, ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi, ezokuthutha kanye neminye imikhakha.