Ukusetshenziswa kweImpahla yomhlaba engavamiles kubuchwepheshe banamuhla bezempi
Njengento ekhethekile yokusebenza, umhlaba ongavamile, owaziwa ngokuthi "indlu yengcebo" yezinto ezintsha, ungathuthukisa kakhulu ikhwalithi nokusebenza kweminye imikhiqizo, futhi waziwa ngokuthi "amavithamini" emboni yanamuhla. Akusetshenziswa kabanzi kuphela ezimbonini zendabuko ezinjenge-metallurgy, imboni ye-petrochemical, i-ceramics ye-petrochemical, i-wool spinning, i-supercoLeductivity, i-superconductivity, i-superconductivity, i-superconductivity, i-superconductivity, i-superconductivity, i-superconductivity, i-superconductivity, njll, ithinta ijubane kanye nezinga lokuthuthuka kwezimboni ezivelayo zobuchwepheshe obuphakeme njenge Ithuluzi le-Optical, elekthronikhi, i-aerospace, imboni yenuzi, njll. Ubuchwepheshe basetshenziswe ngempumelelo kubuchwepheshe bezempi, ukukhuthaza kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe banamuhla bezempi.
Indima ekhethekile edlalwa yi-Rare Earth Izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe kubuchwepheshe banamuhla idonsele ukunakekelwa kohulumeni kanye nochwepheshe abavela emazweni ahlukahlukene, okufana nezezono zezempi e-United States, eJapan nakwamanye amazwe.
Isingeniso esifushane emhlabeni ongavamile nobudlelwano babo nezokuvikela amasosha nezwe
Ukukhuluma ngokuqinile, konkeizinto zomhlaba ezingavamileYiba nokusetshenziswa kwezempi ezithile, kepha indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuvikelweni kwezwe kanye nasemabuthweni wamasosha kufanele kube ukusetshenziswa kwe-laser rangening, ukuqondiswa kwe-laser, ukuxhumana kwe-laser kanye nezinye izinkambu.
Ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi yomhlaba engavamile nensimbi ye-nodular capon kubuchwepheshe banamuhla bezempi
1.1 Ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi yomhlaba engavamile kubuchwepheshe bezempi wanamuhla
Imisebenzi yayo ifaka ukuhlanzwa, ukuguqulwa, kanye nokuqalisa, ikakhulukazi kubandakanya nokususwa kwemali, ukudonswa kwe-deoxidation, ukususa ithonya lokungaziphathi kahle kanye nokwakheka kwensimbi, kanye nokwenza ngcono indawo yayo yokuguqula kanye nezakhiwo zemishini. Abasebenzi bezempi kanye nobuchwepheshe bahlakulela izindawo eziningi ezingandile ezingajwayelekile ezilungele ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali ngokusebenzisa le mpahla yoMhlaba ongavamile.
1.1.1 Insimbi Yezikhali
Esikhathini esekuqaleni kweminyaka yo-1960, imboni yezikhali yaseChina yaqala ucwaningo ngokusetshenziswa komhlaba okungavamile ngensimbi yezempi nensimbi yensimbi, futhi yakhiqiza ngensimbi yensimbi evamile efana nensimbi entsha lapho ukukhiqizwa kwethangi laseChina kwakususelwa khona lapho kusebenza khona lapho.
1.1.2 I-Rare Endr Carbon Steel
Maphakathi nawo-1960s, iChina yangeza izinto zomhlaba eziyi-0.05% ezindabeni zensimbi yasekuqaleni yekhabhoni ephezulu ukukhiqiza umhlaba we-carbon. Inani elinomthelela we-lateral lale nsimbi yomhlaba engavamile lenyuke ngo-70% kuya ku-100% uma kuqhathaniswa nensimbi yasekuqaleni yekhabhoni, futhi inani lethonya ku--40 ℃ likhuphuke cishe kabili. I-cartridge enkulu ekhishwe yile nsimbi ibifakazelwe ngokuhlolwa kokudubula ebangeni lokudubula ukuze lihlangabezane ngokuphelele nezidingo zobuchwepheshe. Njengamanje, iChina seliphothuliwe yafakwa ekukhiqizweni, ifinyelela isifiso esijana saseChina esiseduze ukufaka esikhundleni yithuli ngensimbi ezintweni ze-cartridge.
1.1.3 Insimbi Engavamile Yomhlaba Insimbi Ephakeme ye-Manganese kanye ne-Rare Earth Steel
Insimbi engavamile yensimbi ephakeme isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza izicathulo zethangi lethangi, futhi i-rare rtron cast apple isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amaphiko omsila, ukunciphisa amazinga okuhlanza izikhali, kunganciphisa izinga lokucubungula, futhi kufinyelelwe izinkomba zensimbi nezobuchwepheshe.
Esikhathini esedlule, izinto zokwakha ezisetshenziselwa ama-Front Chamber Diceple Bodies eChina zenziwe ngensimbi eqinile yensimbi yensimbi ephezulu ngensimbi ephezulu yengulube eyengezwe nge-30% yensimbi yensimbi. Ngenxa yamandla ayo aphansi, ubucwebe obuphezulu, inani eliphansi nelingabukhali lezicucu ezisebenzayo ngemuva kokuqhuma, namandla okubulala abuthakathaka, ukuthuthukiswa komzimba we-front Chamber Delicente wake wavinjelwa. Kusukela ngo-1963, kwavela abalingani bamagobolondo akwa-MOtara abangenalo, abakhuphule izakhiwo zabo zemishini ngezikhathi ezi-1-2, bandisa inani lezingcabuso ezisebenzayo, futhi bakhulisa kakhulu amandla abo okubulala. Inani elisebenzayo lezingcezwana kanye nemisebe yokubulala ebanzi yohlobo oluthile lwe-cannon Shell kanye ne-Field Gun Shell eyenziwe ngalezi zinto ezibonakalayo eChina zingcono kakhulu kunalezo zamagobolondo ensimbi.
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-alloy angewona angewona ama-Ferrous Earth Allys anjenge-magnesium ne-aluminium kubuchwepheshe banamuhla bezempi
Umhlaba ongavamileinomsebenzi ophakeme wamakhemikhali kanye nemisebe enkulu ye-athomu. Uma ingeziwe ezinsimbi ezingezona ezi-Ferrous kanye nama-alloys azo, ingahlaziya okusanhlamvu, ivikele ukuhlukaniswa, ukususwa kokungcola nokuhlanzwa kwenqubomgomo yokuhlanza, izakhiwo zemvelo kanye nokucubungula izakhiwo. Abasebenzi bezinto zokwakha ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe bathuthukise i-Magnesium Alloys entsha yase-Aluminium, ama-alloys e-titanium, nama-superlylsoys ngokusebenzisa le mpahla yoMhlaba ongavamile. Le mikhiqizo isetshenziswe kabanzi kubuchwepheshe bezempi banamuhla njengendiza yokulwa, izindiza zokuhlaselwa, izindiza ezinophephela emhlane, izimoto ezingenamikhawulo zasemoyeni, kanye nama-satellite ama-micle.
2.1 I-Rare Earth Magnesium Alloy
I-ALLOOY YAMAHHALA WAMAHHALAYiba namandla athile athile, anganciphisa isisindo sezindiza, athuthukise ukusebenza kweqhinga, futhi abe namathemba wohlelo lokusebenza olubanzi. I-Aloy Engavamile Yomhlaba I-Aloys ethuthukiswe yiChina Aviation Impistruotion Corporation (Lapha kubhekiselwa kuzo njenge-AVIC) ifaka cishe amamaki ayi-10 ama-magnoseum alloys kanye nama-magnesium alloys, amaningi asetshenzisiwe ekukhiqizeni futhi anekhwalithi ezinzile. Isibonelo, i-ZM 6 Cast Magnesium Alloy ene-rare yoMhlaba Metal Neodymium njengoba isengezo esikhulu sandiswe ukuthi sisetshenziselwe ukuncishiswa kwezimoto ezibalulekile, izimbambo zempi zokulwa namaphiko ama-robor ama-generator angama-30 kw. Umhlaba ongavamile onamandla amakhulu we-magnesium alloy bm 25 Ngokuhlangene okwenziwe nge-avic Corporation kanye ne-metals everfels Corporation esikhundleni samandla athile we-aluminium anluminium futhi asetshenziselwe izindiza zomthelela.
2.2 I-Rare Earth Titanium Alloy
Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yo-1970, i-Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Izinto (okukhulunywa ngazo njenge-Institute of Aeronauticals) yathatha indawo ethile ye-aluminium ne-a1-motanium alloys, ukuthuthukisa ukumelana nokushisa kwe-ally ngenkathi kuthuthukisa ukuqina okushisayo. Ngalesi sisekelo, i-titanium alloy ephezulu yokushisa i-altoy zt3 equkethe i-cereyun yathuthukiswa. Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-alloys afanayo aphesheya, kunezinzuzo ezithile ngokuya ngamandla okumelana nokushisa ukusebenza. I-compressor casing eyenziwe ngayo isetshenziselwa injini ye-W PI3 II, ngokuncishiswa kwesisindo kwama-39 kg ngendiza ngendiza ngendiza ngendiza ngendiza nokukhuphuka kwesilinganiso sesisindo se-1.5%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuncishiswa kwezinyathelo zokucubungula cishe ama-30% kufinyelele ezinhlosweni ezibalulekile zezobuchwepheshe nezomnotho, ugcwalisa igebe ekusetshenzisweni kwe-cast titanium casings yezinjini zezindiza eChina ngo-500 ℃. Ucwaningo selukhombisile ukuthi kunezinhlayiya ezincane ze-cellium oxide kwi-microscruction ye-zt3 alloy equkethe i-certium. I-Cerrium ihlanganisa ingxenye ye-oksijini ku-alloy ukwakha ubulukhuni obuqinile nobukhuluEarth Earth Axideimpahla, CE2O3. Lezi zinhlayiya zivimbela ukunyakaza kwe-dislocations ngesikhathi senqubo ye-alloy deformation, ngcono ukusebenza okushisa okuphezulu kwe-alloy. I-CERUEUM Ibamba Ingxenye Yokungcola Kwegesi (ikakhulukazi emingceleni yokusanhlamvu), engaqinisa i-alloy ngenkathi igcina ukuqina okuhle okushisayo. Lona ngumzamo wokuqala wokusebenzisa umbono wephuzu le-solute elinzima eliqinisayo ku-cast titanium alloys. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhungo sezinto ze-aeronautical senzelwe izinzile futhi zishibhileYtttrium (iii) oxideIsihlabathi ne-powder kuyo yonke iminyaka yocwaningo kanye ne-mineralization ekhethekile yokwelashwa kwezobuchwepheshe kwinqubo yokuphonsa ngokuqondile ye-titanium alloy. Kufinyelele ezingeni elingcono ngokuya ngamandla adonsela phansi athile, ubunzima nokuqina ku-titanium ketshezi, futhi kukhombisile izinzuzo ezinkulu ekushintsheni nasekulambeni ukusebenza kweShell Slurry. Inzuzo evelele yokusebenzisaYtttrium (iii) oxideI-Shell to Bearture titanium castings ukuthi ngaphansi kwesimo sokuthi izinga lokuphonsa kanye nenqubo yenqubo lilingana nenqubo ye-tungsten coating, titanium alloy castings finner ukwedlula inqubo ye-tungsten coating ingenziwa. Njengamanje, le nqubo isetshenziswe kabanzi ekwenziweni kwendiza ehlukahlukene, injini, kanye nokukhokhwa kwezakhamuzi.
2.3 I-Aluminium Aluminium alloy
I-Aluminium Alcoy HZL engamelana ukushisa ethuthukiswe yi-AVIC inezindawo zokushisa eziphakeme zokushisa eziphakeme kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphakeme ngokuqhathaniswa ne-alloys yakwamanye amazwe aqukethe i-nickel, futhi ifinyelele ezingeni eliphakeme lama-alloys afanayo phesheya. Manje isetshenziswa njenge-valve engamelana nengcindezi yezindiza ezinophephela emhlane kanye nama-jets fighter ngokushisa okusebenzayo kwama-300 ℃, ukufaka esikhundleni sensimbi ne-titanium alloys. Isisindo sesakhiwo sehlisiwe futhi senziwe ekukhiqizeni isisindo. The tensile strength of rare earth aluminum silicon hypereutectic ZL117 alloy at 200-300 ℃ exceeds that of West German piston alloys KS280 and KS282. Ukumelana kwayo ukugqokwa kuphakeme izikhathi ezi-4-5 kune-piston alloys zl108 esetshenziswayo, enomhlanganisi omncane wokunwetshwa komugqa kanye nokuqina kobukhulu obuhle. Kusetshenziswe kwizinsiza zezengezo ze-Avation KY-5, KY-7 AIR compressulas, kanye nezindiza ze-Aviation Model Injini. Ukungeza izinto zomhlaba ezingandile ku-Aluminium Alloys zithuthukisa kakhulu izakhiwo ze-micructure kanye nezemishini. Indlela yokwenza izinto zomhlaba ezingandile e-Aluminium Alloys yilezi: Ukwakheka kokusatshalaliswa okuhlakazekile, ngamakhompiyutha amancane a-aluminium adlala indima enkulu ekuqiniseni isigaba sesibili; Ukungezwa kwezinto zomhlaba ezingandile kudlala indima ye-degassing catharsing, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa inani lama-pores ku-alloy kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwe-alloy; Amakhompiyutha e-Aluminium angavamile asebenza njenge-heterogeneous nuclei ukuze ahlaziye izimbambo nezigaba ze-eutectic, futhi futhi ziyisiguquli; Izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile zikhuthaza ukwakheka kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezigaba ezicebile zensimbi, kunciphisa imiphumela yazo elimazayo. α- Inani eliqinile le-Iron nge-iron ku-A1 liyancipha ngokwanda kokungezelelwa komhlaba okungavamile, okuzuzisa futhi ukwenza ngcono amandla nobuntu.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokuhlanganisa zomhlaba ezingafaniyo kubuchwepheshe bezempi wanamuhla
3.1 izinsimbi zomhlaba ezihlanzekile
Izinsimbi zomhlaba ezihlanzekile zomhlaba, ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo zamakhemikhali ezisebenzayo, zithambekele ekuphenduleni ngomoya-mpilo, isibabule, ne-nitrogen ukwakha ama-compand ezinzile. Uma ungena ngaphansi kokushayisana okukhulu nomthelela, izinhlansi zingakhanisa izinto ezivuthayo. Ngakho-ke, ekuqaleni kuka-1908, yayenziwa. Kutholakale ukuthi phakathi kwezinto zomhlaba eziyi-17 ezingandile, izinto eziyisithupha, ezifaka phakathi i-certium, i-lanthanum, i-neodymium, i-praseodymium, i-jamarium, kanye ne-yttrium, zisebenze kahle. Abantu benze izikhali ezahlukahlukene zokwenyuka zincike ezindaweni ezinobuhlakani bezinsimbi zomhlaba ezingandile. Isibonelo, umngcele we-227 kg "uMark 82" U-Misle usebenzisa ama-liners omhlaba angavamile, ongagcini nje ngokukhiqiza imiphumela yokubulala ngokuqhuma kodwa futhi nemiphumela ye-Arson. I-US Air-to-Ground "I-Rocket Warhead ifakwe izinduku zensimbi eziyi-108 ezingavamile zomhlaba njengama-liners, esikhundleni sezingcezwana ezithile ezihlanganisiwe. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Static Explosion kukhombisile ukuthi amandla ayo okususa uphethiloli wezindiza angama-44% aphakeme kunawo angenakubi.
3.2 izinsimbi zomhlaba ezihlanganisiwe zomhlaba
Ngenxa yentengo ephakeme yokumsulwaI-Rare Earth MetalS, izinsimbi eziphansi ze-Composite ezingajwayelekile zomhlaba zisetshenziswa kabanzi kwizikhali zokuvutha emazweni ahlukahlukene. I-composetite Rare Earth Metal Confal Agent ilayishwe egobolondo lensimbi ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu, nge-ajenti ye-ajenti yokuvutha (1 Ngemuva kokuvuselelwa, umzimba we-incandescent uhlala ushisa imizuzu engaphezu kwe-5. Ngesikhathi sokuhlaselwa kweVietnam, amasosha aseMelika asetshenziswe ukwethula i-40mm arson grenade, eyayigcwele i-lining yokushaya indiva eyenziwe ngensimbi yomhlaba exubile. Ngemuva kokuthi i-projectile iqhume, i-fragmer ngayinye nge-lining yokuzibandakanya ingakhanyisa ilitshe. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukukhiqizwa kwebhomu kwanyanga zonke kwafika kumarounds angama-200000, kube nemijikelezo engama-260000.
3.3 Umhlaba ongavamile womhlaba wonke
Umhlaba ongavamile womhlaba u-Aloy onesisindo esingu-100g angakha i-200 ~ 3000 Kingylings, emboza indawo enkulu, elingana nemisebe yokubulala ye-armunition yezempi kanye ne-projecting yezempi. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlamvu ezisebenza ngemisebenzi eminingi ngamandla okuvutha sekusenye yezikhombisi-ndlela eziphambili zokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlamvu ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Ngezinhlamvu zokubhoboza izikhali kanye nokubhoboza izikhali ze-Armor, ukusebenza kwazo kwezempi, ukusebenza kwawo kweqhinga kudinga ukuthi ngemuva kokubhoboza izembatho zethangi lesitha, zingawukhamisa uphethiloli nezinhlamvu zazo ukuze zibhubhise ithangi lakhe. Okwe-grenades, kuyadingeka ukukhanyisa izimpahla zamasosha kanye nezindawo ezinamasu ngaphakathi kwebanga lazo lokubulala. Kubikwa ukuthi idivaysi ye-Plansis Engavulwa Insimbi Yensimbi Yensimbi eyenziwe e-USA eyenziwe e-USA yenziwe nge-ilon ye-fiber eqinisiwe ye-nylon i-aloy cartridge ngaphakathi, okunomphumela omuhle ngokumelene namafutha endiza kanye namatshe afanayo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zomhlaba ezingandile ekuvikelweni kwamasosha kanye nobuchwepheshe beNyukliya
4.1 Isicelo kubuchwepheshe bokuvikelwa kwamasosha
Izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile zinezakhiwo zokumelana nemisebe yemisebe. Isikhungo Sezwe seNational Neutron Cross Searte of the United States senze izinhlobo ezimbili zamapuleti anobukhulu obungu-10 mm ngokusebenzisa izinto ze-polymer njengezinto zokugcina zomhlaba, ngezivivinyo zokuvikela imisebe. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi umphumela wokuvikela we-thermal we-neutron we-arare Earth Pelmer wezinto ezi-5-6 kangcono kunalezo zomhlaba ezivamile ze-polymer. Phakathi kwazo, izinto zomhlaba ezingandile nge-SM, EU, GD, Dy nezinye izinto zinesigaba esikhulu kunazo zonke sokumunca umshana kanye nomphumela wokubamba okuhle kwe-neutron. Njengamanje, ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwezinto zokuvikela imisebe yoMhlaba ezivamile ebukhwini bezempi zifaka phakathi izici ezilandelayo.
4.1.1 Ukuvikelwa kwemisebe yenuzi
I-United States isebenzisa i-1% boron kanye nezinto ezingama-5% zomhlaba ezingandileigadiki, iSamuriumna-uhlobo linthanumUkwenza i-600mmm eminyene ye-radiation castcreint ukhonkolo yokuvikela umthombo we-neutron we-neutron of the reactor echibini lokubhukuda. IFrance yathuthukisa impahla yokuvikelwa kwemisebe evamile ngokungezelela i-boride, ingabe i-around yomhlaba compound noma umhlaba wonke i-alloy ku-graphite njengezinto zesisekelo. I-filler yalesi sifundo sokuvikela okuhlanganisiwe iyadingeka ukuthi isatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo futhi yenziwe ngezingxenye ezenziwe ngababili, ezibekwe ezungeze isiteshi sokuphendula ngokuya ngezidingo ezihlukile zendawo yokuvikela.
4.1.2 Tank Thermal Radiation Shieving
Siqukethe izingqimba ezine ze-veneer, ngobukhulu obungu-5-20 cm. Isendlalelo sokuqala senziwe ngepulasitiki yengilazi eqinisiwe, nge-inorganic powder eyengezwe ngamakhompiyutha emi-2% omhlaba angu-2% njengama-filler ukuvimba ama-neutrons asheshayo bese uthatha ama-neutrons ahamba kancane; Izendlalelo zesibili nezesithathu zengeza i-BORON Graphite, i-Polystyrere, kanye nezinto zomhlaba ezingandile zabalwa yi-10% ye-Filler ephelele kulowo owayekade ukuvimba ama-neutrons aphakathi nendawo futhi amukele ama-neutrons ashisayo; Isendlalelo sesine isebenzisa i-graphite esikhundleni se-fiber yengilazi, futhi ingeza amakhompiyutha angu-25% angu-25% wokuthola ama-neutrons ashisayo.
4.1.3 Abanye
Kusetshenziswa ukugqokwa komhlaba okuqabulayo kwemisebe yomhlaba emathangini, emikhunjini, ezindaweni zokukhosela, kanye neminye imishini yezempi ingaba nomphumela wokumelana nemisebe yemisebe yemisebe.
4.2 Isicelo kubuchwepheshe be-Nuclear
I-Rare Endrh yttrium (III) i-oxide ingasetshenziswa njenge-absorber evuthayo ye-uranium fuel e-Boiling Water Reactor (BWR). Phakathi kwazo zonke izinto, iGadinium inamandla aqine kakhulu ukudonsa ama-neutrons, anama-4600 ahlosiwe nge-athomu ngalinye. I-atominium ngayinye yemvelo i-athomu ithatha isilinganiso sama-neutrons ayi-4 ngaphambi kokwehluleka. Uma kuxutshwe ne-uranium evumayo, i-gadolimium ingakhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-uranium, futhi kwandise ukuphuma kwamandla. Ngokungafani noBoron Carbide,Gadilinium (III) oxideayikhiqizi i-deuteriaum, okulimazayo ngomkhiqizo. Ingaqondanisa wonke uphethiloli we-uranium kanye nezinto zalo zokuhlanganisa ukusabela kwenuzi. Inzuzo yokusebenzisa i-Gadolinium esikhundleni seBoron ukuthi i-gadolinium ingahlanganiswa ngqo ne-uranium ukuvikela ukwanda kwenduku yenuzi. Ngokusho kwezibalo, kunezindlela eziyi-149 zenuzi ezihlelelwe ukuthi zakhiwe emhlabeni wonke, ezingama-115 zazo zicindezelwa ama-reactors amanzi azisebenzisaRare RETh Gadilinium (III) oxide.I-Rare Earth Samarium,indlu yokuhlala yokungenayogugu, futhi i-dysprosium isetshenziswe njengabafokazi be-neutron ku-reactors e-neutron breeder. Umhlaba ongavamileytttriumInesigaba esincane sesiphambano kuma-neutrons futhi ingasetshenziswa njengento ebonakalayo yamapayipi ama-morten usawoti reactors. I-foil emincane engezwe nge-rare Endr Earth Gadolinium ne-dysprosium ingasetshenziswa njengomtshina wensimu ye-neutron e-aerospace ne-erbium genering ye-auroscon tube neutron generator, kanye ne-rare ndrpun auropuum oxide iron cermet ingasetshenziswa ukwenza ipuleti yokusekela yokulawula e-reactoror compact. I-Rare Earth Gadolinium nayo ingahle isetshenziswe njengesengezo se-coative ukuvikela imisebe ye-neutron radiation, kanye nezimoto ezihlomile zihlanganiswe nenhlanganisela ekhethekile equkethe i-gadolinium oxide equkethe i-neutron. I-Rare Earth Ytterbium isetshenziswa emishini yokulinganisa ukucindezelwa komhlaba okubangelwa ukuqhuma kwenyukliya okungaphansi komhlaba. Lapho i-rare Earth YTTERBIUM iphoqelelwa amandla, ukumelana kwanda, futhi ushintsho lokumelana lungasetshenziswa ukubala ingcindezi esetshenzisiwe. Ukuxhumanisa umhlaba we-gadolinium are-Gadolinium egcinwe futhi kuhlangene nento ebucayi yokuxineka kungasetshenziswa ukukala ingcindezi ephezulu yenukli.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezingu-5 ezingavamile zomhlaba we-Magnet wezinto zokwakha ubuchwepheshe banamuhla
Umhlaba ongavamile waphakade wezinto zozibuthe, ezaziwa ngokuthi isizukulwane esisha seKing Magnetic, okwamanje kungukusebenza okuphezulu kakhulu kokusebenza kwezigameko unomphela owaziwayo. Inezikhathi ezingaphezu kwe-100 eziphakeme zezakhiwo eziphakeme kakhulu zensimbi kazibuthe esetshenziswa emishini yezempi ngemi-1970. Njengamanje, sekuyinto ebalulekile ekuxhumaneni kobuchwepheshe banamuhla be-elekthronikhi. Isetshenziswa ku-Traveling-Wave Tube nama-Pikeletatani kuma-satellite e-elengifial Earth, ama-radars kanye nezinye izici. Ngakho-ke, inokubaluleka kwempi okubalulekile.
Ama-SMCO Magnets kanye ne-NDFEB Magnets basetshenziselwa ugongolo lwe-elektroni eligxile ohlelweni lokuqondisa. Ama-Magnets angamadivayisi aphambili agxile ku-elektroni, adlulisela idatha endaweni yokulawula ye-missile. Kunamaphawundi acishe abe ngu-5-10 (2.27-4.54 kg) wama-magnets entweni ngayinye egxile engcupheni ye-missile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-rare Earth Magnets nawo asetshenziselwa ukushayela ama-motors futhi ajikeleze i-rudder # ama-rudders ezindiza emicibisholo eqondisiwe. Izinzuzo zabo zinamandla amakhulu kabuthenile kanye nesisindo esilula ukwedlula ama-al ninets asekuqaleni.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zombuso zomhlaba ezingandile kubuchwepheshe bezempi wanamuhla
I-laser inguhlobo olusha lomthombo wokukhanya onama-monochromaticity, ukuqondiswa, kanye nokubumbana, futhi angathola ukukhanya okuphezulu. Izinto zokwenziwa komhlaba ze-laser nezindile zomhlaba zazalwa ngasikhathi sinye. Kuze kube manje, cishe ama-90% wezinto zokwenza ama-laser zibandakanya imihlaba engavamile. Isibonelo, i-YTTRIUM Aluminium Garnet Crystal iyi-laser esetshenziswa kabanzi engathola umphumela oqhubekayo wamandla aphezulu ekushiseni kwegumbi. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-lasers aqinile wombuso kwamasosha wanamuhla kufaka phakathi lezo zinto ezilandelayo.
6.1 Laser Ranghing
I-Neodymium Dontrium Aluminium Garnet ethuthukiswe e-United States, eBrithani, eFrance, eJalimane nakwamanye amazwe angalinganisa ibanga le-4000 ~ 20000 m ngokunemba kwe-5 m. Izinhlelo zezikhali ezifana ne-US MI, iLeopard II yeLeopard II, i-lecler yaseFrance, uhlobo lwakwa-Israyeli, i-mekavanger yakwa-Israyeli, kanye ne-can challenger 2 tank zonke sebenzisa lolu hlobo lwe-laser range rangelifinder. Njengamanje, amanye amazwe akhulisa isizukulwane esisha se-colid state laser rangerfinders ngokuphepha kwamehlo, okuvela ku-avelthths esebenza nge-united yttrium yttrium lithium fluoride laser inebhendi esebenza nge-2.06 μ. I-United States ne-International Laser Company futhi basebenzise ngokuhlangene i-Erbium-Doped Yttrium Lithium Fluoride laser futhi yathuthukisa i-waverfhinder ye-1.73 μ m I-Laser Wavenwength yaseChina yezempi yaseChina yi-1.06 μ, esukela ngo-200 kuye ku-7000 m. Ekwethuleni amarokhethi amade, imicibisholo kanye nama-satellites wokuxhumana, iChina ithole idatha ebalulekile ekulinganiseni ibanga nge-laser TV Theodolite.
6.2 Isiqondisi se-laser
I-Laser eqondiswa amabhomu Sebenzisa ama-lasers wokuqondisa okubulalayo. Ithagethi ixhumeke nge-ND · wag laser ekhipha inqwaba yama-pulses ngomzuzwana. Ama-pulses afakiwe, futhi ama-pulses akhanyayo angahola impendulo ye-missile, ngaleyo ndlela avimbele ukuphazanyiswa kusuka ekuqalisweni kwezinto ezi-misle kanye nezithiyo ezibekwe yisitha. Isibonelo, ibhomu le-US lezempi le-GBV-15 le-US libizwa nge- "Smart Bomb". Ngokufanayo, ingasetshenziswa futhi ukukhiqiza amagobolondo aqondiswa ama-laser.
6.3 Ukuxhumana kweLaser
Ngaphezu kwe-ND · YAG ingasetshenziselwa ukuxhumana kwe-laser, ukuphuma kwe-LASER ye-Lithium Tetra Neodmium (III) I-Phosphate Crystal (LNP) i-poliarised futhi kulula ukuyishintsha. Kubhekwa njengenye yezinto zokuthembisa kakhulu ze-laser ezincane, ezilungele umthombo wokukhanya wokuxhumana kwe-fiber optical, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi isetshenziswe ku-Optics kanye nokuxhumana kwesikhala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ytttrium iron garnet (Y3fe0O12) I-Crystal eyodwa ingasetshenziswa amadivaysi ahlukahlukene we-Magnetostatic Surface Wave nge-Microwave Progration inqubo, eyenza amadivaysi ahlanganiswe futhi anezicelo ezikhethekile ekulweni okukude kwe-radar kanye ne-telemetry, navigation kanye ne-elektroniki.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezi-7 eziqabulayo zomhlaba ezinsukwini ezenzelwe ubuchwepheshe bezempi wanamuhla
Lapho okuqukethwe kuphansi kunamazinga okushisa athile, into yokumelana yi-zero, okungukuthi, okuphezulu, kwenzeka. Izinga lokushisa liyindlela yokushisa ebucayi (TC). Ama-Superconductors angama-antimagnets. Lapho amazinga okushisa ephansi kunamazinga okushisa abucayi, ama-superconductors axosha noma yimuphi amandla kazibuthe azama ukufaka kuwo. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi-meissener umphumela. Ukungeza izinto zomhlaba ezingandile ezintweni zokwakha ama-superconducting zingakhulisa kakhulu i-TC yokushisa ebucayi. Lokhu kukhuthaze kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezinhle kakhulu. Ngeminyaka yama-1980s, e-United States, iJapan namanye amazwe athuthukile angeze ngenani elithile le-lanthanum, yttrium, i-Europuum oxides, acindezelwe futhi asetshenziswe kabusha, ikakhulukazi ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bezempi, ikakhulukazi.
7.1 Amasekethe ahlanganisiwe ahlanganisiwe
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, amazwe aphesheya aqhuba ucwaningo ngokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-superconducting kumakhompiyutha aphezulu, futhi athuthukise amasekethe ahlanganisiwe asebenzisa izinto ezinhle kakhulu ze-ceramic. Uma le ndiya ehlanganisiwe isetshenziselwa ukwenza amakhompyutha we-superconducting, ayinasayizi omncane kuphela, isisindo esikhanyayo, futhi futhi inesivinini se-computing 10 kuya ku-100 kunamakhompiyutha ama-semiconductor
Isikhathi sePosi: Jun-29-2023