Ukusetshenziswa komhlaba okungavamile ezweni kungasetshenziswa ukuthola izinga layo lezimboni. Noma yikuphi okuphezulu, okunembile, nezinto ezithuthukisiwe, izingxenye, kanye nemishini akunakuhlukaniswa nezinsimbi ezingavamile. Kungani kunensimbi efanayo yenza abanye ukukhula okwengeziwe kungavunyelwe ukwedlula wena? Ingabe yithuluzi elifanayo lomshini olindile ukuthi abanye bahlala isikhathi eside futhi banembile kunawe? Ingabe futhi ikristalu eyodwa abanye abangafinyelela ekushiseni okuphezulu kwe-1650 ° C? Kungani ingilazi yomunye umuntu inenkomba evulekayo kangaka? Kungani iToyota izuzisa ukusebenza kahle kwemoto okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-41%? Konke lokhu kuhlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi ezingavamile.
Izinsimbi zomhlaba ezingandile, owaziwa nangokuthi izinto zomhlaba ezingafani, ziseduze kwezinto eziyi-17 zeikhentiyamu, ytttrium, nochungechunge lwe-lanthanide ethempelini le-periodionic IIBIC IIB, livame ukuvezwa ngu-R noma re. I-Scandium ne-YTTRIUM kubhekwa njengezinto zomhlaba ezingandile ngoba zivame ukuhlangana nezakhi zeLanthanide ezimakethe zamaminerali futhi zinezakhiwo ezifanayo zamakhemikhali.
Ngokungafani negama laso lisho, ubuningi bezinto zomhlaba ezingandile (ngaphandle kwe-Promethimium) ku-crust kuphakeme impela, kunesimo se-cersium ngobuningi bezinto eziningi ezibucayi, ezibalwa yi-0.0068% (eduze kwethusi). Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ze-geochemical, izinto zomhlaba ezingandile azivamisile ukucebisa ngezinga elisebenzayo kwezomnotho. Igama lezinto zomhlaba ezingandile lisuselwa ekusweleni kwabo. Amaminerali wokuqala angavamile atholwe ngabantu kwakungu-Silicon Beryllium yttrium ore akhishwe emayini edolobhaneni lase-Iterbi, eSweden, lapho amagama amaningi omhlaba angafani nomhlaba avela khona.
Amagama abo nezimpawu zabo zamakhemikhaliSC, Y, LA, CE, PR, ND, PM, SM, EU, GD, TB, DY, DY, DY, DY, ER, NO. Izinombolo zabo ze-athomu zingama-21 (SC), 39 (Y), 57 (LA) ziye ku-71 (Lu).
Umlando Otholakele Wezinto Zomhlaba Ezivamile
Ngo-1787, iSweden CA Arriphenius yathola indawo engajwayelekile yomhlaba engavamile yensimbi emnyama edolobheni elincane laseYtterby ngaseStockholm. Ngo-1794, isiFinnish J. Gadolin sahlukanisa into entsha evela kuyo. Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu (1797), iSweden AG Ekeberg ikuqinisekisile lokhu kutholwa futhi kwaqanjwa ngokuthi i-New yttria (yttrium umhlaba) ngemuva kwendawo lapho kwatholakala khona. Kamuva, ukukhumbula inkumbulo yeGadinite, lolu hlobo lwe-ore lwabizwa ngokuthi iGadinite. Ngo-1803, osokhemisi baseJalimane, amakhemikhali aseSweden uJJ Berzelius, no-W. Hiser bathola into entsha - uCouria - kusuka ku-Ore (CERIUUM silicate Ore). Ngo-1839, iSwede CG Molander yathola uLanthanum. Ngo-1843, i-musander yathola i-terbium ne-erbium futhi. Ngo-1878, iSwitzerland Marinac yathola i-YTTERBIM. Ngo-1879, i-French yathola iSambariyumu etholakele, iSweden ithole iHolmium ne-Thulium, kanye neSweden Scandium etholakele. Ngo-1880, iSwitzerland Marinac yathola uGadolimium. Ngo-1885, i-Austrian A. Von Wels Bach ithole i-PraceOdymium neNeodymium. Ngo-1886, uBouvabadrand wathola i-dysprosium. Ngo-1901, i-French man e demarcay yathola i-Europium. Ngo-1907, indoda yaseFrance uG. Urban itholakale iLutetium. Ngo-1947, abantu baseMelika abanjengoJA Marinsky bathola i-Promethium kusuka kwimikhiqizo ye-Uranium yokuvulelwa. Kuthathe iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-150 ukusuka ekwahlukanisweni kwe-Yttrium Earth nguGadolin ngo-1794 kuya ekukhiqizweni kwe-Promethisium ngo-1947.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zomhlaba ezingandile
Izinto zomhlaba ezingavamileZaziwa ngokuthi "amavithamini ezimboni" futhi azinakufinyeleleka kahle kazibuthe, ama-optical, kanye nogesi, ukudlala indima enkulu ekwenzeni ngcono ukusebenza komkhiqizo, nokwenza ngcono ukukhiqiza umkhiqizo. Ngenxa yomphumela wayo omkhulu kanye nomthamo ophansi, umhlaba ongavamile usuphenduke into ebalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono ukwakheka komkhiqizo, ukukhulisa okuqukethwe kwezobuchwepheshe, kanye nokukhuthaza inqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe yezobuchwepheshe. Basetshenziswe kabanzi emasimini afana ne-metallurgy, ezempi, ama-petrochemical, ama-ceramics wengilazi, ezolimo nezinto ezintsha.
Imboni yeMetallurgical
Umhlaba ongavamileisetshenzisiwe enkundleni ye-metallurgical iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30, futhi yakha ubuchwepheshe obuvuthiwe kanye nezinqubo. Ukusetshenziswa komhlaba okungavamile kwensimbi ne-non-ferrous fils kuyinkambu enkulu futhi ebanzi enamathemba abanzi. Ukungezelelwa kwezinsimbi zomhlaba ezingandile, ama-fluades, kanye nama-silicides ngensimbi angadlala indima ekuhlanzeni, ekukhupheni, ekunciphiseni iphuzu eliphansi eliphansi ukungcola okulimazayo, kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwensimbi; I-Rare Earth Silicon Iron Alloy kanye ne-Rare Earth Silicon Magnesium Alloy isetshenziswa njenge-Shrohoiling Agents ukukhiqiza umhlaba ongavamile wensimbi yensimbi evamile. Ngenxa yokufaneleka kwabo okukhethekile kokukhiqiza izingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi zensimbi enezidingo ezikhethekile, lolu hlobo lwe-rouctile asetshenziswa kabanzi kwizimboni zokukhiqiza ezisebenza ngezimoto ezinjengezimoto, ogandaganda, kanye nezinjini zedizili; Ukungeza izinsimbi zomhlaba ezingandile kuma-alloys angewona ama-fersous afana ne-magnesium, i-aluminium, ithusi, i-zinc, futhi isidlaliso singathuthukisa izakhiwo ze-alloy nezamakhemikhali kanye nezindawo zokushisa eziphakeme.
Inkambu yezempi
Ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezinhle kakhulu ezifana ne-Photoleelycicity kanye nobude obukhali, umhlaba ongavamile angakha izinhlobo eziningi zezinto ezintsha ezinezinto ezahlukahlukene futhi athuthukise kakhulu ikhwalithi nokusebenza kweminye imikhiqizo. Ngakho-ke, yaziwa ngokuthi "igolide lezimboni". Okokuqala, ukungezwa komhlaba okungavamile kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kwamaqhinga wensimbi, ama-aluminium alloys, ama-alloys we-magnesium, kanye nama-alloys titanium asetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwamathangi, izindiza, kanye nemicibisholo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umhlaba ongavamile angasetshenziswa njengezithako zokuthambisa kwezicelo eziningi zobuchwepheshe obuphakeme ezifana ne-elekthronikhi, ama-lasers, imboni yenuzi, kanye ne-superconductivity. Lapho ubuchwepheshe bomhlaba obungavamile busetshenziswa kwezempi, kuzokulethela ngokungenabuchwepheshe kubuchwepheshe bezempi. Ngomqondo othile, ukulawula okukhulu kwezempi zaseMelika ezimpini eziningana zasekhaya ngemuva kwempi ebandayo, kanye nekhono layo lokubulala izitha zalo obala, livela kubuchwepheshe bayo emhlabeni abangavamile, njengeSuperman.
Imboni ye-petrochemical
Izinto zomhlaba ezingandile zingasetshenziswa ukwenza ama-molecular ama-carlysts embonini ye-petrochemical, nezinzuzo ezinjengomsebenzi ophakeme, ukufundwa okuhle, nokumelana okuqinile kobuthi besikhumba obunzima. Ngakho-ke, bathathe indawo ama-catalysts abunjiwe we-aluminium we-petroleum catalytic compalytic; Enqubweni yokukhiqiza ye-Ammonia yokwenziwa i-ammonia, inani elincane lomhlaba le-nitrate lisetshenziswa njenge-cocatalyst, futhi umthamo walo wegesi yizikhathi eziyi-1.5 kukhulu kune-nickel aluminium catalyst; Enqubweni yokuhlanganisa i-CIS-1,4-polybutadiene rubber ne-iroprene rubber, umkhiqizo otholwe usebenzisa umhlaba ongavamile we-cycloalkanoate triobuttyl aluminium catalysts unamandla amahle kakhulu, nenqubo emfushane yokwelashwa kwangaphambi kokuphamba; I-Composite Earth Earth oxides nayo ingasetshenziswa njengama-catalysts wokuhlanza igesi ephumayo kusuka ezinjini zokuhlangana zangaphakathi, ne-cereyuntium napthenate ingahle isetshenziswe njenge-ejenti yomiswa ngopende.
Ingilazi-Ceramic
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zomhlaba ezingandile endizeni yaseChina ne-Ceramic kukhuphuke ngesilinganiso sama-25% kusukela ngo-1988, kufinyelela cishe amathani angama-1600 ngonyaka we-1998. I-Rare Earth Oxides noma i-Ared Earth Earth Gwentrate ingasetshenziswa kabanzi njenge-polishing powders yengilazi ye-optical, ama-lens ezibukweni, amashubhu we-oscilloscope, ingilazi ephansi, ipulasitiki netafula lensimbi; Enqubweni yokuncibilika ingilazi, i-cellium dioxide ingahle isetshenziselwe ukuba ne-oxidation eqinile ye-iron, ukunciphisa okuqukethwe kwensimbi engilazini futhi kufinyelele umgomo wokususa umbala oluhlaza engilazini; Ukungezwa okungavamile emhlabeni oxides kungakhiqiza ingilazi ebonakalayo nengilazi ekhethekile ngezinhloso ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ingilazi engadonsa imisebe ye-ultraviolet, i-acid kanye nengilazi yokumelana nokushisa, njll; Ukungeza izinto zomhlaba ezingandile ku-Ceramic kanye ne-porcelain glazes kunganciphisa ukuhlukaniswa kwezindwani ze-glazes nokwenza imikhiqizo ibe nemibala ehlukene kanye namachaphaza, kubenze basebenzise kabanzi embonini ye-ceramic.
Ezolimo
Imiphumela yocwaningo ikhombisa ukuthi izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile zingakhulisa okuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll kwezitshalo, zithuthukise izithombe, zikhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa kwezimpande, futhi kwandiswe ukumuncwa kwezimpande ngezimpande. Izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile nazo zingakhuthaza ukuhluma kwembewu, zandise izinga lokuhluma imbewu, futhi likhuthaze ukukhula kwesithombo. Ngaphezu kwemisebenzi esemqoka okukhulunywe ngenhla, futhi inamandla okuthuthukisa ukumelana kwezifo, ukumelana nokubandakanyeka, kanye nokuphikiswa kwesomiso kwezilimo ezithile. Izifundo eziningi zibonise nokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezigxile ezingxenyeni zomhlaba ezingandile kungakhuthaza ukumuncwa, ukuguqulwa, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezakhi zomzimba ezitshalweni. Ukufafaza izinto zomhlaba ezingandile kungandisa okuqukethwe kwe-VC, okuqukethwe ushukela okuphelele, kanye nokulinganiselwa kweshukela kwe-apula kanye nezithelo ze-apula kanye nezithelo ze-citrus, ukukhuthaza imibala yezithelo kanye nokuvuthwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi. Futhi kungacindezela ubukhulu bokuphefumula ngesikhathi sokugcina bese kunciphisa izinga lokubola.
Insimu Yezinto Ezintsha
Umhlaba we-rare ndrodymium irodymium irody ama-magnet impahla yaphakade, ngokukhumbula okuphezulu, ukusebenzela okuphezulu, kanye nomkhiqizo ophakeme wamandla we-magnetic, kusetshenziswa kabanzi kwizimboni zomoya kanye nokushayela izitshalo zomoya); Uhlobo lwe-Garnet Ferrite amakristalu olulodwa kanye nama-polycrystals akhiwa ngokuhlanganiswa kwe-msulwa umhlaba oxides emhlabeni no-oxide we-feric I-YTtrium aluminium garonet nengilazi ye-neodymium eyenziwe nge-neodymium oodymium mide ingasetshenziswa njengezinto zokwakha eziqinile ze-laser; Ama-hexaborides e-Rare Earth angasetshenziswa njengezinto ze-cathode zokuphuma kwe-elektroni; I-Lanthanum Nickel Metal iyinto esanda kuthuthukiswa ye-hydrogen yesitoreji ngawo-1970; I-Lanthanum Chromate iyinto ephakeme yokushisa thermoelectric; Njengamanje, amazwe asemhlabeni wonke akwenzile ukuthuthuka ekwakhiweni kwezinto ezinhle kakhulu ngokusebenzisa i-barium esekelwe oxyfides eguqulwe nge-barium yttrium Copper oxygen izinto zo-oxygen, ezingathola ama-superconductors kububanzi bokushisa kwe-nitrogen. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imihlaba engavamile isetshenziswa kabanzi emithonjeni ekhanyayo ekhanyayo ngezindlela ezifana ne-fluorescent powder, futhi ngenxa yezindleko eziphakeme ze-fluorescent, kanye nemikhiqizo yakwa-fluorescent iyancipha), kanye nemikhiqizo ye-elekthronikhi enjenge-Projection Televinci kanye namathebulethi; KwezoLimo, kusetshenziswa amanani alandelwa emhlaba wonke angenamkhawulo ezitshalweni zasensimini angakhulisa isivuno sawo ngo-5-10%; Embonini yezindwangu ezikhanyayo, ama-clorides omhlaba angavamile nawo asetshenziswa kabanzi ku-forn fur, ukudaya koboya, ukudaya koboya, nodaya lwekhaphethi; Izinto zomhlaba ezingandile zingasetshenziswa kuma-anverments aguqukayo wezimoto ukuthi aguqule ukungcola okukhulu kube amakhompiyutha angewona anobuthi ngesikhathi sokuqeda amandla enjini.
Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza
Izinto zomhlaba ezingandile nazo zisetshenziswa kwimikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yedijithali, kufaka phakathi amadivaysi abukwayo, izithombe, namadivayisi wokuxhumana, ahlangabezana nezidingo eziningi ezifana nesikhathi esincane, esisheshayo, nokulondolozwa kwamandla. Ngasikhathi sinye, futhi isetshenziswe emasimini amaningi afana namandla aluhlaza, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi, kanye nokuhamba.
Isikhathi sePosi: Aug-16-2023