Thulium, ingxenye 69 yethebula le-periodic.
I-Thulium, i-elementi enokuqukethwe okuncane kakhulu kwezinto ezingavamile zomhlaba, ikakhulukazi ihlangana nezinye izakhi ku-Gadolinite, i-Xenotime, i-ore yegolide engavamile emnyama ne-monazite.
Izakhi zensimbi ze-Thulium ne-lanthanide zihlangana eduze kuma-ore ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu endalweni.Ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo ze-elekthronikhi ezifanayo kakhulu, izakhiwo zazo ezingokomzimba nezamakhemikhali nazo ziyafana kakhulu, okwenza ukukhipha nokwehlukanisa kube nzima kakhulu.
Ngo-1879, usokhemisi waseSweden uCliff waphawula ukuthi inhlabathi ye-Atomic ye-erbium yayingashintshi lapho ehlola inhlabathi esele ye-erbium ngemva kokuhlukanisa inhlabathi ye-ytterbium ne-scandium, ngakho waqhubeka ehlukanisa inhlabathi ye-erbium futhi ekugcineni wahlukanisa umhlabathi we-erbium, umhlabathi we-holmium kanye umhlabathi we-thulium.
I-metal thulium, isiliva emhlophe, i-ductile, ithambile uma kuqhathaniswa, ingasikwa ngommese, ibe nendawo ephezulu yokuncibilika nokubilisa, ayigqwali kalula emoyeni, futhi ingagcina ukubukeka kwensimbi isikhathi eside.Ngenxa yesakhiwo esikhethekile segobolondo le-Electron ye-extranuclear, izakhiwo zamakhemikhali ze-thulium zifana kakhulu nezinye izakhi zensimbi ze-lanthanide.Ingancibilika ku-hydrochloric acid ukuze yakhe okuluhlaza kancaneI-Thulium(III) chloride, futhi izinhlansi ezivezwa izinhlayiya zayo ezivuthayo emoyeni zingabonakala nasesondweni lokukhuhlana.
Izinhlanganisela ze-Thulium nazo zinezakhiwo ze-fluorescence futhi zingakhipha i-fluorescence eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngaphansi kokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, okungase kusetshenziselwe ukwakha amalebula amelene nomgunyathi wemali yephepha.I-isotope thulium 170 ye-radioactive isotope ye-thulium futhi ingomunye wemithombo emine esetshenziswa kakhulu ngemisebe yezimboni futhi ingasetshenziswa njengamathuluzi okuxilonga okusebenza kwezokwelapha namazinyo, kanye namathuluzi okuthola ukukhubazeka kwezingxenye zemishini ne-elekthronikhi.
I-Thulium, ehlaba umxhwele, ubuchwepheshe be-thulium laser therapy kanye nekhemistri entsha engajwayelekile edalwe ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo esikhethekile se-electronic extranuclear.
I-Thulium doped Yttrium aluminium garnet ingakhipha i-laser enobude begagasi phakathi kuka-1930~2040 nm.Lapho i-laser yaleli bhande isetshenziselwa ukuhlinzwa, igazi endaweni yokukhipha imisebe lizojiya ngokushesha, inxeba lokuhlinzwa lincane, futhi ukopha kuhle.Ngakho-ke, le laser ivame ukusetshenziselwa inqubo ehlasela kancane ye-prostate noma amehlo.Lolu hlobo lwe-laser lunokulahlekelwa okuphansi uma ludluliswa emkhathini, futhi lungasetshenziswa ekuzwa ukude nokuxhumana ngokubona.Isibonelo, i-Laser rangefinder, i-radar yomoya ye-Doppler ehambisanayo, njll., izosebenzisa i-laser ekhishwa i-thulium doped fiber laser.
I-Thulium iwuhlobo olukhethekile kakhulu lwensimbi esifundeni sika-f, futhi izakhiwo zayo zokwenza ama-complexes anama-electron kungqimba luka-f ziye zathatha ososayensi abaningi.Ngokuvamile, izakhi zensimbi ze-lanthanide zingakhiqiza kuphela izinhlanganisela ezincanyana, kodwa i-thulium ingenye yezinto ezimbalwa ezingakhiqiza ama-divalent compounds.
Ngo-1997, u-Mikhail Bochkalev waba iphayona le-chemistry yokusabela ehlobene ne-divalent yomhlaba engavamile exazululweni, futhi wathola ukuthi i-divalent Thulium(III) iodide ingashintsha kancane kancane ibuyele ku-thulium ion e-trivalent ephuzi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.Ngokusebenzisa lesi sici, i-thulium ingase ibe i-ejenti yokunciphisa ekhethwayo yosokhemisi wezinto eziphilayo futhi inamandla okulungisa izinhlanganisela zensimbi ezinezakhiwo ezikhethekile zezinkambu ezibalulekile ezifana namandla avuselelekayo, ubuchwepheshe obuzibuthe, kanye nokwelashwa kwemfucuza yenuzi.Ngokukhetha ama-ligand afanelekile, i-thulium ingaphinda iguqule amandla asemthethweni wamapheya athile ensimbi e-redox.I-Samarium(II) iodide nezingxube zayo ezincibilikisiwe kuzincibilikisi zemvelo ezifana ne-tetrahydrofuran sekusetshenziswe osokhemisi bezinto eziphilayo iminyaka engu-50 ukulawula ukusabela kokunciphisa i-electron eyodwa yochungechunge lwamaqembu asebenzayo.I-Thulium nayo inezici ezifanayo, futhi ikhono layo le-ligand lokulawula izinhlanganisela zensimbi eziphilayo liyamangaza.Ukuguqula umumo wejiyomethri kanye nokugqagqana kwe-orbital kwenkimbinkimbi kungathinta amapheya athile e-redox.Kodwa-ke, njengengxenye yomhlaba eyivelakancane eyivelakancane, izindleko eziphezulu ze-thulium ziyivimbela okwesikhashana ukuthi ithathe indawo ye-samarium, kodwa isenamandla amakhulu ekhemistry entsha engajwayelekile.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-01-2023