Kodi mumadziwa? Njira ya anthu omwe apezaYNTriumidadzaza ndi zopindika ndi zovuta. Mu 1787, arthenius arthelius atapeza mwangozi oundana kwambiri pafupi ndi kwawo komwe ali pafupi ndi mzinda wa YTERTVY. Pambuyo pake, asayansi ambiri sayansi Gadonin, Andrs Gustav Ekberg, Friedrich wöhler ndi ena adafufuza mozama pa ore.
Mu 1794, Finnish Gidolin adasiyanitsa ndi oxide yatsopano ku ytterbium ore ndikuutcha itrium. Aka kanali nthawi yoyamba kuti anthu azindikire momveka bwino padziko lapansi. Komabe, izi sizinawathandize nthawi yomweyo.
Popita nthawi, asayansi apeza zinthu zina zoyipa zapadziko lapansi. Mu 1803, ku Germany Klapereroth ndi Swedes Highzinger ndi Berzelius adapeza Crium. Mu 1839, ma nando a Swedeni adazindikiraLanthanum. Mu 1843, adapeza Erbium ndipomnyanga. Izi zomwe zimapeza zimapereka maziko osafunikira pakufufuza kwa asayansi.
Sizinathe mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 zomwe asayansi adalekanitsa gawo la "YTTY" kuchokera ku YTTRAIum O. Mu 1885, Austria Wilsbach adapeza Newdymium ndi Pragenmium. Mu 1886, Bois-Baudran adapezaDysprium. Izi ndizopezanso banja lalikulu la misozi yapadziko lapansi.
Kwa zaka zopitilira muyeso pambuyo pa zonena za YTTrium, chifukwa chofooka cha maluso, asayansi alephera kuyeretsa chinthu ichi, chomwe chachititsanso mikangano ndi zolakwika zina. Komabe, izi sizinalepheretse asayansi chifukwa cha chidwi chawo pophunzira YTTY.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, popititsa patsogolo patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo, asayansi adayamba kuyeretsa zinthu zapadziko lapansi. Mu 1901, Francen Eugene de Marseille adapezaEuropium. Mu 1907-1908, ku Austria Wilsbach ndi Frenchman Urbain pokha adapeza lutetium. Izi zomwe zimapeza zimapereka maziko osafunikira pakufufuza kwa asayansi.
Mu sayansi ndi ukadaulo wamakono, kugwiritsa ntchito Yyttrium kukuyamba kuchuluka. Ndi kupitilizidwa kosalekeza kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo, kumvetsetsa kwathu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwa YTTrium idzayamba kuzama.
Magawo a yttrium element
1.Magalasi owoneka bwino ndi ceramic:Yyttrium imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga galasi lamimba komanso ceramics, makamaka popanga ceramics ndi galasi lowoneka bwino. Magawo ake ali ndi katundu wabwino kwambiri ndipo amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga zigawo za Lasers, kulumikizana ndi zida zina.
2. Phossors:Makina a YTTRIum amapanga gawo lofunikira mu Busgors ndipo amatha kutulutsa bwino bwino ma fluorescence, choncho nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zojambula za TV, owunikira ndi zida zopepuka.YTTRIAM OXIDNdipo mankhwala ena nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zowunikira kuti ziwonjezere kuwala ndi kumveka bwino kwa kuwala.
3. Zowonjezera: Pakupanga zitsulo zitsulo, yttrium nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zowonjezera kukonza makina ndi kukana kuwonongeka kwa zitsulo.Yttrium wambanthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga zitsulo zapamwamba ndipoaluminium wamba, kuwapangitsa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito molakwika komanso kugonjetsedwa.
4. Thambo: Makina a YTTRIum amapanga gawo lofunikira mu mphaka zina ndipo amatha kuthamangitsa kuchuluka kwa zomwe zimachitika. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga zida zoyeretsa zamagetsi zoyeretsa zoyeretsa zopanga mafakitale opanga mafakitale, zimathandiza kuchepetsa mpweya woipa.
5.: YNTrium isotopes imagwiritsidwa ntchito muukadaulo wa zamankhwala kuti mukonze ma radiotopes, monga kulembera radiopharauticals ndikuzindikira chithunzi cha nyukiliya.
6. Tekinolo ya laser:Ziphuphu za ytrium ion ndi laseri yodziwika-boma yogwiritsidwa ntchito mu kafukufuku wa sayansi, mankhwala a laser ndi mafakitale. Kupanga kwa anyaniyi kumafuna kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ena a YTTRIum monga oyendetsa.YtriumNdipo mankhwala awo amatenga gawo lofunikira mu sayansi ndi zamakono komanso zamakono, kuphatikiza magawo ambiri monga optics, matupi a sayansi, ndipo adapanga patsogolo ntchito ya anthu.
Katundu wakuthupi wa YNTRIum
Chiwerengero cha atomu chaYNTriumndi 39 ndi chizindikiro chake ndi y.
1. Maonekedwe:Yyttrium ndi chitsulo choyera cha silvery.
2. Chuma:Kuchulukitsa kwa Yttrium ndi 4.47 g / cm3, komwe kumapangitsa kuti ikhale imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu padziko lapansi kutumphuka.
3.. Malo osungunuka:Malo osungunuka a yttrium ndi madigiri 1522 Celsius (2782 Degrees (2782 madigiri fahrenheit), omwe amatanthauza kutentha komwe Yttt
4. Malo owira:Malo owiritsa a Yttrium ndi 3336 madigiri Celsius (6037 Degrees), omwe amatanthauza kutentha pomwe YTTRIum imasintha mpweya pansi pamafuta.
5. Gawo:Kutentha kwa firiji, Yytrium ili mu dziko lolimba.
6. Kukhala ndi mbiri:Yyttrium ndi wotsogolera magetsi okhala ndi utoto wapamwamba, motero ili ndi ntchito zina mu zamagetsi zamagetsi ndi ukadaulo wa madera.
7. Magnetism:Yyttrium ndi nkhani ya paramagnetic mu firiji, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mulibe maginito owonekera pamagalasi.
8. Kapangidwe ka Crystal: Y Wialium ilipo mu mawonekedwe a hexagont oyandikira.
9. Voliyumu ya atomiki:Makina a atomiki a YTTRIum ndi 19.8 cubic cubic centimita imodzi, yomwe imatanthawuza voliyumu yolumikizidwa ndi ma atole a YNTrium.
Yyttrium ndi chinthu chachitsulo chokhala ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono kwambiri komanso malo osungunuka, ndipo ali ndi moyo wabwino, motero ali ndi ntchito zofunikira m'magawo amalemale, zida zamatsenga ndi minda ina. Nthawi yomweyo, Yytrium ndi yofala kwambiri, yomwe imachita nawo gawo lofunikira mu matekinoloje ndi mafakitale.
Mankhwala a yttrium
1. Chizindikiro cha mankhwala ndi gulu: chizindikiro cha yttrium ndi y, ndipo chimapezeka munthawi yachisanu cha tebulo la nthawi, gulu lachitatu, lomwe likufanana ndi zinthu za Lantanide.
2. Kapangidwe ka zamagetsi: Kapangidwe kake ndi magetsi 1S ² · 4 ▼ 3PA 3SS 3D¹⁰ 4D¹⁰ 4F¹⁴ 5F¹⁴ 5FS 5FEYI. Kunja kwa electron yosanjikiza, Yyttrium ili ndi ma elekitoni awiri a Valence.
3.
4. Izi zimapangitsa YTTRAIum kuti isule. Kuteteza YNTrium, nthawi zambiri imasungidwa m'malo owuma.
5. Kuchita ndi oxissis: yttrium imakhudzana ndi oxide kuti apange mankhwala osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizaYTTRIAM OXID(Y2o3). YTTRIum oxide nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafoni a phoshors komanso ceramic.
6. ** Kuchita ndi acids **: Y.YNTRum chloride (YCL3) kapenayttrium sulfate (Y2 (so4) 3).
7..
8. Kuchita ndi Sulfides ndi Carbides: YTTrium ikhoza kuchitira ndi sulfium ndi carbides kuti mupange zofananira monga yttrium sulfide (yt) ndi ytt). 9. Isotopis: Y WindomopeIum ili ndi ma isotopes angapo, khola kwambiri yomwe ili yttrium-89 (^ 89y), yomwe ili ndi theka la moyo wa nyukiliya ndipo isotope imalemba.
Yyttrium ndi chinthu chokhazikika chachitsulo chokhala ndi maboma ambiri a valencent komanso luso lothana ndi zinthu zina kuti apange mankhwala. Ili ndi ntchito zingapo zogwiritsira ntchito, zida zamankhwala sayansi, mankhwala, ndi malonda, makamaka ku maphosgors, kupanga ukadaulo, ndi ukadaulo wa laser.
Zachilengedwe za yttrium
Zachilengedwe zaYNTriumM'moyo wamoyo amakhala ndi malire.
. Zolengedwa zimatha kuyerekezera kuchuluka kwa ytrium kudutsa chakudyacho, nthawi zambiri kuchokera ku dothi ndi mbewu.
2. Bioavailability: Bioavailability wa Y Wiovailla ndi wotsika kwambiri, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zolengedwa nthawi zambiri zimasowa kuyanjana ndikugwiritsa ntchito yttraium bwino. Mafuta ambiri a yttrium samatengeka mosavuta mu zolengedwa, motero amatulutsidwa.
3. Kugawira Zolengedwa: Kamodzi mu chamoyo, YTTrium imagawidwa makamaka mu minyewa monga chiwindi, impso, ndulu, mapapu, ndi mafupa. Makamaka, mafupa amakhala ndi zochulukirapo za YNTrium.
4. Metabolism ndi chigawenga: kagayidwe ka Yttrium mu thupi la munthu amakhala ndi malire chifukwa nthawi zambiri imasiya chilengedwe potengera. Zambiri zimachotsetsedwa kudzera mkodzo, ndipo zithanso kukhalanso ngati kufesa.
5. Kuzindikira: Chifukwa cha bioavailability, yttrium sikuti nthawi zambiri amadziunjikira ku zolengedwa zoyipa. Komabe, kuwonekera kwambiri kwa yttrium kumatha kukhala ndi zovuta pamoyo, zomwe zimayambitsa zovuta. Izi zimachitika kawirikawiri chifukwa chozungulira cha ytrium m'chilengedwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotsika ndipo sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zinthu zachilengedwe. Ngakhale silikhala ndi zoopsa zowopsa pamikhalidwe yokhazikika, mawu apamwamba kwambiri a yttrium amatha kuyambitsa ngozi. Chifukwa chake, kufufuza kwasayansi ndi kuwunikira ndizofunikira kuti zitheke komanso zachilengedwe za yttrium.
Kugawidwa kwa YTTRENIum mwachilengedwe
Yyttrium ndi chinthu chosowa kwambiri padziko lapansi chomwe chimagawidwa kwambiri mwachilengedwe, ngakhale kulibe mawonekedwe oyambira.
1. Kupezeka kwa kutumphuka kwa dziko lapansi: kuchuluka kwa zochulukitsa kwa zokolola za padziko lapansi kuli otsika, ndipo pafupifupi kukhazikika kwa pafupifupi 33 mg / kg. Izi zimapangitsa YNTrium imodzi mwazinthu zosowa.
Yyttraum makamaka amakhala ngati michere yambiri, nthawi zambiri pamodzi ndi zinthu zina zamphongo. Zina zazikulu za YTTRIum zimaphatikizapo yttrium wachitsulo adyo (hig) ndi YTTRIOM Oxalate (Y2 (C2O4) 3) 3).
2. Kugawa kwa malo: ma ytrium osungira amagawidwa padziko lonse lapansi, koma madera ena akhoza kukhala olemera mu YTTrium. Ena akuluakulu a YTTRIum amatha kupezeka m'magawo otsatirawa: Australia, ku China, United States, India, Scandinavia, nthawi zambiri amafunikira kuti atulutse ndikulekanitsa. Izi nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo ma asidi a acid ndi kupatukana kwamankhwala kuti mupeze zoyera kwambiri zoyera.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti zinthu zachilengedwe za padziko lapansi monga Yttrium sizikhala ngati mawonekedwe a zinthu zoyera, koma zimasakanikirana ndi zina zapadziko lonse lapansi. Chifukwa chake, m'zinjizo za chiyero chapamwamba cha Yytrium pamafunika njira zovuta zamankhwala ndi njira zolekanitsira. Kuphatikiza apo, kupezeka kwazinthu zachilengedwe zapadziko lapansindizochepa, choncho kuganizira za kuyendetsa bwino kwa zinthu zachilengedwe ndizofunikanso.
Migodi, m'zigawo ndi zonunkhira za yntrium element
Yyttrium ndi chinthu chosowa kwambiri padziko lapansi chomwe sichimapezeka ngati ytrium, koma mwa mawonekedwe a YNRY. Chotsatirachi ndi mawu atsatanetsatane kwa migodi ndi kuyeretsa kwa Ytyrium:
1. Migodi ya YNTRAIum ORRE:
Kufufuza: Choyamba, akatswiri a zamagetsi ndi mainjiniya migodi amachititsa ntchito zofufuza zomwe zimapeza zosunga zomwe zili ndi YTTRIum. Izi nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo maphunziro a geological, kufufuza za Geophysissical, ndi kusanthula zitsanzo. Migodi: Kamodzi kusungitsa komwe kuli yttrium amapezeka, ore ndi minitsi. Zosunga izi nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo ma oxide oxide monga yttrium wachitsulo adyo (yug) kapena YTTRIum oxalate (Y2 (C2O4) 3) 3). Oreutsing Ore: Mukatha migodi, ore nthawi zambiri amafunika kusweka m'magawo ang'onoang'ono pokonzanso.
2. Kutulutsa yttrium:Kuchepetsa mankhwala: Komwe kumachitika nthawi zambiri kumatumizidwa kwa onunkhira, pomwe yttrium imachotsedwa kudzera mu kugwetsa mankhwala. Njirayi imakonda kugwiritsa ntchito njira yopingasa, monga sulfuric acid, kuti isungunuke. Kupatukana: Nthawi yomweyo yttrium imasungunuka, nthawi zambiri imakhala yosakanikirana ndi zinthu zina zapadziko lapansi komanso zosayera. Pofuna kuchotsa zoyera kwambiri, njira yolekanitsa imafunikira, nthawi zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito zosungunulira, nthawi zambiri zimasinthanitsa kapena njira zina zosinthira kapena njira zina zopangira mankhwala. Kuledzera: Yyttrium imalekanitsidwa ndi zina zapadziko lapansi zina kudzera mu mankhwala oyenera a mankhwala kuti apange mankhwala a ytrium. Kuyanika ndi kuwerengetsa: Makina a Ytttrium nthawi zambiri amafunika kuwuma ndikuwerengera kuti achotse chinyezi chilichonse chotsalira ndi zodetsa pamapeto pake kupeza zitsulo zoyera kapena zopangidwa.
Njira zodziwika za yttrium
Njira zodziwika bwino za YNTRIum makamaka zimaphatikizapo kuyamwa kwa atomic sjecroscopy (AAAS), momveka bwino plasma misa spectorometry (xrf), etc.
1. Mayamikidwe a atomic spoproscopy (AAS):AA limakhala njira yophunzirira kwambiri pofuna kudziwa za YTTRIum. Njirayi imakhazikika pamayamwidwe pandenomenon pamene gawo landamale mu sampuli limatenga kuwala kwa kuchuluka kwaumunthu. Choyamba, sampuli imasinthidwa kukhala mawonekedwe osokoneza bongo kudzera mu zolaula monga zophatikiza mpweya komanso kuyanika kwa kutentha kwapamwamba. Kenako, kuwala kofanana ndi chimphepo chandamale chandamale chimadutsa mu sampuli, Kuwala komwe kumachitika, ndipo yttrium zomwe zimawerengedwa ndikuzifanizira ndi yankho la YTTRIum lodziwika bwino.
2.ICP-MS ndi njira yovuta kwambiri yowunikira yoyeserera yodziwitsa za YTTRIum yomwe ili mu sodi yamadzi ndi sodide. Njirayi imatembenuza makanema omwe ali pambiri ndipo kenako amagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a misa kuti asanthule. ICP-MS ili ndi ndalama zambiri komanso kusintha kwakukulu, ndipo kumatha kudziwa zomwe zili ndi zinthu zambiri nthawi imodzi. Pakudziwa kwa YNTrium, ICP-MS itha kupereka malire ochepa komanso kulondola kwambiri.
3. X-ray fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF):Xrf ndi njira yopenda yopanda chowonongeka kuti mutsimikizire za yttrium zomwe zili mu zitsanzo zolimba ndi zamadzimadzi. Njirayi imatsimikizira zomwe zili zomwe zili pamwamba pa zitsanzo za ma X-ray ndikuyezera kulimba kwa maluso a fluoresines mu chitsanzo. XRF ili ndi maubwino othamanga mwachangu, opareshoni yosavuta, komanso kuthekera kudziwa zinthu zingapo nthawi imodzi. Komabe, XRF ikhoza kusokonezedwa ndi kusanthula kwa yttrium yotsika kwambiri, yomwe imapangitsa zolakwika zazikulu.
4..Pulogalamu yophatikizika yophatikizika ya plasma yowoneka bwino kwambiri. Icho chija atomizeke ndikupanga ma plasma kuti muyeze mawu apadera ndi mphamvu of yttriumkutulutsa mu mawonekedwe. Kuphatikiza pa njira zomwe tafotokozazi pamwambapa, pali njira zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popezeka ndi electrochem, kuphatikizapo mawonekedwe a njira yodziwika bwino monga zitsanzo zokwanira, komanso zodalirika za muyeso wake.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa YNTrium atomium atomium
Muyezo wa chigawo, plastured plasma misa spectmetry (ICP-MS) ndi njira yokhazikika kwambiri komanso yokhazikika, yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito posankha kuchuluka kwa zinthu, kuphatikizapo Y. Zotsatirazi ndi njira yoyeserera poyesa YNTRIum ku ICP-MS:
1. Kukonzekera zitsanzo:
Chitsanzo nthawi zambiri chimayenera kusungunuka kapena kusungunuka mu mawonekedwe amadzimadzi a ICP-MS. Izi zitha kuchitika ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kutentha chimbudzi kapena njira zina zokonzekera.
Kukonzekera kwa kampu kumafunikira mikhalidwe yoyera kwambiri kuti isalepheretse kuipitsidwa ndi zinthu zakunja zilizonse. Labotale iyenera kuchitapo kanthu kuti mupewe kuipitsidwa.
2. Mtsogoleri wa ICP:
ICP imapangidwa ndikuyambitsa argon kapena argon-oxygen wosakanizidwa mpweya mu torch plaska. Kuphatikiza-pafupipafupi kuphatikizira kumapanga lawi lamphamvu kwambiri la plasma, ndiko kuwunika.
Kutentha kwa plasma kuli madigiri ya 8000 mpaka 10000 Celsius, komwe kumakhala kokwanira kutembenuza zinthuzo ku Ionic State.
3. Ma ionization ndi kupatukana:Chitsanzo chikalowa mu plasma, zinthu zomwe zili mmawa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ma atomu amataya ma elekitoni amodzi kapena angapo, ndikupanga ma iyo. ICP-M imagwiritsa ntchito ma scrometer kuti mulekanitse ma mayketometer a zinthu zosiyanasiyana, nthawi zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito raio (m / z). Izi zimathandiza kuti ma maykes a zinthu zosiyanasiyana apangenitsidwa ndipo pambuyo pake adasanthula.
4. Mass Spectritetry:Masuki olekanitsidwa amalowa mu spectrometer, nthawi zambiri ma quadrupoce misa kapena maginito amatsenga misa. Mu spectrometer, mabongo a zinthu zosiyanasiyana amalekanitsidwa ndikuwonera molingana ndi kuchuluka kwawo kwapadera. Izi zimathandiza kupezeka ndi kukhazikika kulikonse kuti zitsimikizidwe. Chimodzi mwazinthu zabwino zophatikizidwa mwachidule plasma misa milmametry ndiye kusintha kwake kwamphamvu, komwe kumapangitsa kuti azindikire zigawo zingapo nthawi imodzi.
5. Kukonza deta:Zomwe zimapangidwa ndi ACP-MS nthawi zambiri zimafunikira kukonzedwa ndikusanthula kuti ziwoneke zomwe zili mu zinthu zomwe zili mu zitsanzo. Izi zikuphatikiza kuyerekezera chizindikiro cha chizindikiro cha kuchuluka kwa odziwika, komanso kuchita fanizo ndi kukonza.
6. Zotsatira:Zotsatira zomaliza zimaperekedwa ngati kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa zinthuzo. Zotsatirazi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza sayansi ya padziko lapansi, kusanthula kwachilengedwe, kuyesedwa kwa chakudya, kufufuza kwamankhwala, ndi zina.
ICP-MS ndi njira yolondola komanso yovuta kwambiri komanso yovuta kwambiri yopenda kwambiri, kuphatikizapo YNTRIum. Komabe, pamafunika chida chovuta komanso luso, kotero nthawi zambiri limapangidwa mu labotale kapena katswiri wowunikira. Pantchito yeniyeni, ndikofunikira kusankha njira yoyenera yoyenerera malinga ndi zosowa zina za malowa. Njirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuwunika ndi kuzindikira kwa yoborari ndi mafakitale.
Pambuyo pofotokozera mwachidule pamwambapa, titha kunena kuti YNTrium ndi chinthu chosangalatsa kwambiri ndi mankhwala apadera ndi zinthu zapadera komanso zamankhwala, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pakufufuza kwa sayansi ndi magawo ofunsira. Ngakhale tapita patsogolo pakumvetsetsa kwathu, pali mafunso ambiri omwe akufunika kafukufuku wowonjezereka komanso kufufuza. Ndikukhulupirira kuti mawu athu oyambira angathandize owerenga kuti amvetsetse mbali yosangalatsayi ndikumalimbikitsa chikondi cha aliyense pa sayansi komanso chidwi chofufuza.
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Post Nthawi: Nov-282024