Gadolinium, gawo 64 la tebulo la periodic.
Lanthanide patebulo la periodic ndi banja lalikulu, ndipo katundu wawo wamankhwala amafanana kwambiri wina ndi mzake, kotero ndizovuta kuwalekanitsa.Mu 1789, katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku Finland John Gadolin adapeza oxide yachitsulo ndipo adapeza oxide yoyamba yapadziko lapansi.Yttrium (III) oxidekupyolera mu kusanthula, kutsegula mbiri yopezeka ya zinthu zosowa zapadziko lapansi.Mu 1880, wasayansi wa ku Sweden dzina lake Demeriak anapeza zinthu ziwiri zatsopano, ndipo chimodzi mwa zinthu zimenezi pambuyo pake chinatsimikiziridwa kuti chinalisamarium, ndipo winayo adadziwika kuti ndi chinthu chatsopano, gadolinium, atayeretsedwa ndi katswiri wamankhwala wa ku France Debuwa Bodeland.
Chinthu cha Gadolinium chimachokera ku silicon beryllium gadolinium ore, yomwe ndi yotsika mtengo, yofewa m'mapangidwe, yabwino mu ductility, maginito kutentha kwa chipinda, ndipo ndi chinthu chosowa kwambiri padziko lapansi.Imakhala yokhazikika mumpweya wouma, koma imataya kuwala kwake mu chinyontho, kupanga flake lotayirira komanso lotseguka ngati ma oxides oyera.Ikatenthedwa mumlengalenga, imatha kupanga ma oxide oyera.Gadolinium imachita pang'onopang'ono ndi madzi ndipo imatha kusungunuka mu asidi kupanga mchere wopanda mtundu.Mankhwala ake amafanana kwambiri ndi Lanthanide ena, koma mawonekedwe ake owoneka bwino ndi maginito ndi osiyana pang'ono.Gadolinium ndi Paramagnetism kutentha kwa chipinda ndi ferromagnetic pambuyo pozizira.Makhalidwe ake angagwiritsidwe ntchito kukonza maginito okhazikika.
Pogwiritsa ntchito Paramagnetism ya gadolinium, wothandizila wa gadolinium wopangidwa wakhala wosiyanitsa wabwino wa NMR.Kudzifufuza nokha kwaukadaulo waukadaulo wa nyukiliya wa resonance imaging kwayambika, ndipo pakhala pali Mphotho 6 za Nobel zokhudzana nazo.Kuthamanga kwa maginito a nyukiliya kumayamba makamaka chifukwa cha kusuntha kwa ma atomiki nyukiliya, ndipo kusuntha kwa ma nuclei osiyanasiyana a atomiki kumasiyanasiyana.Kutengera mafunde a electromagnetic opangidwa ndi kuchepetsedwa kosiyanasiyana m'malo osiyanasiyana, malo ndi mtundu wa ma atomiki omwe amapanga chinthuchi amatha kuzindikirika, ndipo chithunzi chamkati cha chinthucho chitha kujambulidwa.Pansi pa mphamvu ya maginito, chizindikiro cha teknoloji ya nyukiliya ya magnetic resonance imaging imachokera ku kupindika kwa ma nuclei ena a atomiki, monga ma nuclei a haidrojeni m'madzi.Komabe, ma nuclei otha kupota awa amatenthedwa mu gawo la RF la maginito, ofanana ndi uvuni wa microwave, omwe nthawi zambiri amafooketsa chizindikiro chaukadaulo waukadaulo wamaginito.Gadolinium ion sikuti imakhala ndi mphindi yamphamvu kwambiri ya Spin maginito, yomwe imathandizira kupindika kwa nyukiliya ya atomiki, imathandizira kuzindikira kuthekera kwa minofu yodwala, komanso imakhala yozizira mozizwitsa.Komabe, gadolinium ili ndi kawopsedwe kena, ndipo muzamankhwala, ma chelating ligands amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsekereza ayoni a gadolinium kuti asalowe m'matumbo amunthu.
Gadolinium imakhala ndi mphamvu ya magnetocaloric pa kutentha kwa firiji, ndipo kutentha kwake kumasiyanasiyana ndi mphamvu ya maginito, zomwe zimabweretsa ntchito yosangalatsa - maginito firiji.Panthawi ya firiji, chifukwa cha kayendedwe ka maginito a dipole, maginito amatha kutentha pansi pa malo ena akunja a maginito.Pamene mphamvu ya maginito imachotsedwa ndi kutsekedwa, kutentha kwa zinthu kumachepa.Kuzizira kotereku kumatha kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafiriji monga Freon ndikuziziritsa mwachangu.Pakadali pano, dziko lapansi likuyesera kupanga kugwiritsa ntchito gadolinium ndi ma aloyi ake pantchito iyi, ndikupanga choziziritsa pang'ono komanso chothandiza kwambiri.Pogwiritsa ntchito gadolinium, kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri kumatheka, kotero gadolinium imatchedwanso "chitsulo chozizira kwambiri padziko lapansi".
Gadolinium isotopes Gd-155 ndi Gd-157 ali ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri la matenthedwe a neutron Absorption cross pakati pa ma isotopu onse achilengedwe, ndipo amatha kugwiritsa ntchito kachulukidwe kakang'ono ka gadolinium kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito abwinobwino a zida zanyukiliya.Chifukwa chake, zida za gadolinium zochokera kumadzi opepuka ndi ndodo ya gadolinium Control zidabadwa, zomwe zitha kupititsa patsogolo chitetezo cha zida zanyukiliya ndikuchepetsa mtengo.
Gadolinium ilinso ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino kwambiri ndipo imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga zodzipatula zowoneka bwino, zofananira ndi ma diode mumayendedwe, omwe amadziwikanso kuti ma diode otulutsa kuwala.Mtundu woterewu wa diode wotulutsa kuwala sikuti umangolola kuwala kudutsa mbali imodzi, komanso kumatchinga kuwonetsetsa kwa ma echoes mu fiber optical, kuwonetsetsa chiyero cha kufalikira kwa ma optical ndikuwongolera kufalikira kwa mafunde a kuwala.Gadolinium gallium garnet ndi imodzi mwazinthu zabwino kwambiri zapansi panthaka zopangira ma isolator owoneka bwino.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-06-2023