Adimikira rakajairika nderokuti kana mafuta iropa reindasitiri, sakarare pasindiyo vhitamini yeindasitiri.
Rare pasindiko kudimburirwa kweboka resimbi.Rare EarthElements,REE) yakawanikwa imwe mushure meimwe kubva mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 18.Kune gumi nenomwe marudzi eREE, kusanganisira gumi neshanu lanthanides muperiodic table yemakemikari elements-lanthanum(La),cerium(Ce),praseodymium(Pr),neodymium(Nd), promethium (Pm), uye zvichingodaroParizvino, yakashandiswa zvakanyanya muminda yakawanda senge zvemagetsi, petrochemicals uye simbi.Anenge makore ega ega 3-5, masayendisiti anogona kuwana kushandiswa kutsva kwepasi risingawanzo, uye chimwe kubva muzvitanhatu zvese zvakagadzirwa hachigone kupatsanurwa kubva.rare pasi.
China yakapfuma murare pasizvicherwa, zvakaiswa pekutanga munyika nhatu: yekutanga mumatura ezviwanikwa, inoverengera inosvika 23%;Zvakabuda ndezvokutanga, zvichitora 80% kusvika 90% yezvinhu zvisingawanzo kuwanikwa pasi rose;Kutengeswa vhoriyamu ndiyo yekutanga, ine 60% kusvika 70% yezvisingawanzo zvigadzirwa zvepasi zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika.Panguva imwecheteyo, China ndiyo chete nyika inokwanisa kupa marudzi ese gumi nemanomwe emasimbi epasi, kunyanya epakati uye anorema.rare earthsnekushandiswa kwechiuto kwakatanhamara.mugove weChina unofadza.
Rvari pasichinhu chakakosha chehurongwa, icho chinozivikanwa se "industrial monosodium glutamate" uye "amai vezvigadzirwa zvitsva", uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukucheka-kumucheto sainzi uye tekinoroji uye indasitiri yemauto.Sekureva kweBazi reIndasitiri uye Ruzivo rweTekinoroji, zvinhu zvinoshanda sengerare pasimagineti echigarire, luminescence, hydrogen chengetedzo uye catalysis zvave zvisingakoshike zviwanikwa zvemaindasitiri epamusoro-soro sekugadzira michina yemhando yepamusoro, simba idzva nemaindasitiri ari kubuda.Inoshandiswawo zvakanyanya mumagetsi, petrochemical indasitiri, simbi, muchina, simba idzva, chiedza. indasitiri, kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza, zvekurima uye zvichingodaro..
Kare muna 1983, Japan yakaunza hurongwa hwekuchengetera zvicherwa zvisingawanzo, uye 83% yezvicherwa zvayo.rare earthsyakabva kuChina.
Tarisa kuUnited States zvakare, yayorare pasireserves ndeyechipiri chete kuChina, asi yayorare earthszvose zviri chiedzarare earths, izvo zvakakamurwa kuita zvinoremarare earthsuye chiedza chisingawanzoitiki mavhu.Heavyrare earthsdzinodhura zvakanyanya, uye mavhu akareruka asingawanzo hupfumi kune yangu, ayo ashandurwa kuita emanyeporare pasis nevanhu vari muindasitiri.80% yeUSrare pasikunze kwenyika kunobva kuChina.
Comrade Deng Xiaoping akamboti: "Kune mafuta kuMiddle East uyerare earthsmuChina." Zvinorehwa nemashoko ake zvinooneka. Rare pasi haisi iyo chete inodiwa "MSG" ye1/5 yepamusoro-tech zvigadzirwa munyika, asiwo ine simba bargaining chip yeChina patafura yenhaurirano yepasi rose. Chengetedza uye shandisa nesainzirare pasizviwanikwa, rave zano renyika rinodaidzwa nevanhu vazhinji vane pfungwa dzakakwirira mumakore achangopfuura kudzivirira zvakakosharare pasizviwanikwa kubva pakutengeswa nekusaona nekuendeswa kune dzimwe nyika dzekumadokero.Muna 1992, Deng Xiaoping akataura zvakajeka chimiro cheChina sehomberare pasinyika.
Rondedzero yekushandiswa kwe17 isingawanzo pasi
1.lanthanuminoshandiswa mune alloy zvinhu uye zvekurima mafirimu
2.Ceriuminoshandiswa zvakanyanya mugirazi remotokari
3 praseodymiuminoshandiswa zvakanyanya mu ceramic pigments
4.Neodymiuminoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumidziyo yemuchadenga
5 .Promethium inopa simba rekubatsira kune satellites
6.Kushandisa kweSamariummuAtomic Energy Reactor
7Europiumkugadzira lenzi uye liquid crystal displays
8.Gadoliniumyekurapa magineti resonance imaging
9.Terbiuminoshandiswa mukudzora mapapiro endege
10.Erbiuminoshandiswa mu laser rangefinder munyaya dzehondo
11.Dysprosiuminoshandiswa sechiedza chekuvhenekera kwefirimu uye kudhinda
12 .Holmiuminoshandiswa kugadzira michina yekukurukurirana yemaziso
13 .Thuliuminoshandiswa pakuongororwa kwekliniki uye kurapwa kwemamota
14.Ytterbiumadditive for computer memory element
15.Kushandisa kwelutetiummune simba bhatiri tekinoroji
16.Yttriuminoita waya uye zvikamu zvesimba rendege
17.Scandiumkazhinji inoshandiswa kugadzira alloys
Mashoko acho ndeaya:
1
Lanthanum(LA)
MuGulf War, mudziyo wechiratidzo chehusiku unerare pasielementlanthanumyakava manyuko makuru ematangi eUS.Mufananidzo uri pamusoro unoratidzalanthanum chlorideupfu (Data mepu)
Lanthanuminoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumidziyo yepiezoelectric, electrothermal materials, thermoelectric materials, magnetoresistive materials, luminescent materials (blue powder), hydrogen storage materials, optical glass, laser materials, akasiyana alloy materials, etc.Lanthanuminoshandiswawo mune zvinokonzeresa kugadzirira kweakawanda organic makemikari zvigadzirwa, Masayendisiti akadomalanthanum"super calcium" nekuda kwekuita kwayo pazvirimwa.
2
Cerium(CE)
Ceriuminogona kushandiswa se catalyst, arc electrode uye yakakosha girazi.Cerium alloyinopesana nekupisa kwakanyanya uye inogona kushandiswa kugadzira jet propulsion parts (Data mepu)
(1)Cerium, sekuwedzera kwegirazi, inogona kutora ultraviolet uye infrared rays, uye yakashandiswa zvakanyanya mugirazi yemotokari.Haigoni kudzivirira ultraviolet rays chete, asiwo kuderedza kutonhora mukati memotokari, kuitira kuchengetedza magetsi ekugadzirisa mhepo.Kubvira 1997 , ceria yakawedzerwa kune ese magirazi emota muJapan.Muna 1996, matani angangoita 2000 eceria akashandiswa mugirazi remotokari, uye matani anopfuura 1000 muUnited States.
(2) Iye zvino,ceriumiri kushandiswa mumotokari exhaust purification catalyst, iyo inogona kudzivirira zvinobudirira huwandu hukuru hwemotokari inopedza gasi kubva pakubuditswa mumhepo.Kushandiswa kweCeriummuUnited States inotora chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chekudyiwa kweserare pasi.
(3) Cerium sulfide inogona kushandiswa mu pigment pachinzvimbo che lead, cadmium uye mamwe masimbi anokuvadza nharaunda uye vanhu.Inogona kushandiswa kupenda mapurasitiki, machira, inki uye mapepa industries.Parizvino, kambani inotungamira iFrench Rhone Planck.
(4) CE: LiSAF laser system is solid-state laser yakagadzirwa neUnited States.Inogona kushandiswa kuona zvombo zvebiological uye mushonga nekutarisa tryptophan concentration.Ceriuminoshandiswa zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzakawanda.Anenge ese asingawanzo pasi maapplication anecerium.Zvakadai sehupfu hwekupukuta, hydrogen kuchengetedza zvinhu, thermoelectric zvinhu,ceriumtungsten electrodes, ceramic capacitors, piezoelectric ceramics,cerium silicon carbidemabrasives, fuel cell raw materials, peturu catalysts, zvimwe zvisingaperi magineti zvinhu, akasiyana alloy simbi uye asiri-ferrous simbi.
3
Praseodymium(PR)
(1)Praseodymiuminoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukuvaka zvikepe uye zvemazuva ese-kushandisa ceramics.Inogona kusanganiswa neceramic glaze kugadzira ruvara glaze, uye inogona kushandiswa se underglaze pigment.Iyo pigment ndeyero yero uye yakachena uye inoyevedza ruvara.
(2) Inoshandiswa kugadzira magineti echigarire.Kushandisa zvakachipapraseodymiumuyeneodymium simbipachinzvimbo chaVakachenaNeodymium simbikugadzira zvinhu zvemagineti zvechigarire, kupikisa kweokisijeni uye zvimiro zvemuchina zviri pachena kuti zvakavandudzwa, uye inogona kugadzirwa kuita magineti emhando dzakasiyana siyana.Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumagetsi akasiyana siyana uye mota.
(3) Inoshandiswa mu petroleum catalytic cracking.Icho chiitiko, kusarudzwa uye kugadzikana kwezvinokonzera zvinogona kuvandudzwa nekuwedzera zvakafumiswa.praseodymiumuyeneodymiummuY zeolite molecular sieve kugadzirira petroleum cracking catalyst.China yakatanga kuisa mukushandiswa kwemaindasitiri muma1970, uye kushandiswa kuri kuwedzera.
(4)Praseodymiuminogona zvakare kushandiswa kuabrasive polishing.Kuwedzera,praseodymiuminoshandiswa zvakanyanya mu optical fiber field.
4
Neodymium(nd)
Sei M1 tank ichitanga kuwanikwa? Tangi ine Nd: YAG laser rangefinder, inogona kusvika kureba ingangoita 4000 metres masikati akajeka (Data mepu)
Nekuzvarwa kwapraseodymium,neodymiumyakavapo.Kusvika kweneodymium kwakamisa iyorare pasimunda, yakaita basa rinokosha munharaunda isingawanzoitiki, uye yakapesvedzerarare pasimarket.
Neodymiumyave nzvimbo inopisa pamusika kwemakore mazhinji nekuda kwechinzvimbo chayo chakasiyana mumunda werare earths.Mushandisi mukuru weneodymium simbindiyo NdFeB zvachose magineti zvinhu.Kuuya kweNdFeB magineti echigarire kwakapinza hutsva hutsva munzvimbo isingawanzo yepasi yepamusoro-tech.NdFeB magineti inonzi "mambo wemagineti asingagumi" nekuda kweiyo yakakwirira magineti simba chigadzirwa.Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumagetsi, muchina uye mamwe maindasitiri nekuita kwayo kwakanaka.Kubudirira kubudirira kweAlpha Magnetic Spectrometer kunoratidza kuti magineti eNdFeB magineti muChina apinda muchikamu chepasi rose.Neodymium is zvakare inoshandiswa mune zvisiri-ferrous zvinhu.Kuwedzera 1.5-2.5% neodymium mu magnesium kana aruminiyamu alloy inogona kunatsiridza tembiricha yakakwira, kusimba kwemhepo uye kushorwa kwekupokana kwealloy. Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya semidziyo yemuchadenga.Pamusoro pezvo, neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet inogadzira short-wave laser beam, iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukupisa nekucheka zvinhu zvitete zvine ukobvu pasi pe10mm muindasitiri.Mukurapa kwekurapa, Nd: YAG laser inoshandiswa kubvisa kuvhiyiwa kana kuuraya utachiona maronda pane scalpel.Neodymiuminoshandiswawo kupenda girazi uye zvinhu zveceramic uye sekuwedzera kune zvigadzirwa zverabha.
5
Promethium (Pm)
Promethium chinhu chekugadzira radioactive chinhu chinogadzirwa nenyukireya reactor (mepu yedata)
(1) Inogona kushandiswa senzvimbo yekupisa.Ipa simba rekubatsira rekuona vacuum uye artificial satellite.
(2)Pm147 inoburitsa yakaderera-simba β-rays, iyo inogona kushandiswa kugadzira mabhatiri emacymbal.Sesimba rekupihwa kwezvombo zvinotungamira zvekushandisa uye wachi.Rudzi urwu rwebhatiri idiki muhukuru uye rinogona kushandiswa kuenderera kwemakore akati wandei.Pamusoro pezvo, promethium inoshandiswawo mune inotakurika X-ray chiridzwa, kugadzirira phosphor, ukobvu kuyerwa uye bhekoni mwenje.
6
Samarium(Sm)
Metal samarium(mepu yedata)
Smyakareruka yero, uye ndiyo yakapfava yeSm-Co magineti echigarire, uye Sm-Co magineti ndiyo yekutanga isingawanzo gineti yepasi inoshandiswa muindasitiri.Kune marudzi maviri echigarire magineti: SmCo5 system uye Sm2Co17 system.Mukutanga kwema1970, iyo SmCo5 system yakagadzirwa, uye iyo Sm2Co17 system yakagadzirwa munguva yakazotevera.Zvino kudiwa kwekupedzisira kunopihwa pekutanga.Kuchena kwesamarium oxideinoshandiswa musamariumcobalt magineti haifanire kunge yakakwira zvakanyanya.Tichifunga nezve mutengo, Kunyanya kushandisa inenge 95% yezvigadzirwa.Pamusoro pe,samarium oxideinoshandiswawo mune ceramic capacitors uye catalysts.Pamusoro pe,samariumine zvinhu zvenyukireya, iyo inogona kushandiswa sezvinhu zvekugadzira, zvinhu zvinodzivirira uye zvinhu zvinodzora zvemaatomu simba reatomu, kuitira kuti simba guru rinogadzirwa nenyukireya fission rigone kushandiswa zvakachengeteka.
7
Europium(Eu)
Europium oxideupfu (mepu yedata)
Europium oxideinonyanya kushandiswa phosphors (mepu yedata)
Muna 1901, Eugene-AntoleDemarcay akawana chinhu chitsva kubva ku "samarium", zitaEuropium.Izvi zvichida zita rezwi rokuti Europe.Europium oxideinonyanya kushandiswa kune fluorescent powder.Eu3 + inoshandiswa se activator ye red phosphor, uye Eu2 + inoshandiswa seblue phosphor.Iye zvino Y2O2S:Eu3+ ndiyo yakanakisa phosphor mukupenya kujeka, kugadzikana kwekupfeka uye kudzoreredza mutengo.Pamusoro pezvo, iri kushandiswa zvakanyanya nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwakadai sekuvandudza kupenya kwakanaka uye kusiyanisa.Europium oxideyakashandiswa zvakare seyakasimudzirwa emission phosphor kune itsva X-ray yekurapa yekuongororwa system mumakore achangopfuura.Europium oxideinogona zvakare kushandiswa kugadzira lenzi ane mavara uye mafirita emaziso, kune magineti bubble kuchengetedza zvishandiso, Inogona zvakare kuratidza matarenda ayo muzvinhu zvekudzora, zvidziviriro zvekudzivirira uye zvimiro zveatomu reactor.
8
Gadolinium(Gd)
Gadoliniumuye masotopu ayo ndiwo anonyanya kushanda neutron absorbers uye anogona kushandiswa se inhibitors ye nuclear reactors.(mepu yedata)
(1) Yayo mvura-soluble paramagnetic complex inogona kuvandudza iyo NMR yekufungidzira chiratidzo chemuviri wemunhu mukurapwa.
(2) Sulfur oxide yayo inogona kushandiswa sematrix grid ye oscilloscope chubhu uye X-ray skrini ine kupenya kwakakosha.
(3)Gadolinium in GadoliniumGallium Garnet yakanakira imwe substrate yebubble memory.
(4) Inogona kushandiswa seyakasimba magineti firiji yepakati pasina Camot kutenderera kurambidzwa.
(5) Inoshandiswa se inhibitor kudzora ketani yekuita nhanho yezvidyarwa zvemagetsi enyukireya kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedza kwenyukireya.
(6) Inoshandiswa sekuwedzera kwesamariumcobalt magineti kuve nechokwadi chekuti mashandiro acho haachinje nekupisa.
9
Terbium(Tb)
Terbium oxideupfu (mepu yedata)
Kushandiswa kweterbiumzvakanyanya zvinosanganisira iyo yepamusoro-tech ndima, inova yekucheka-kumucheto purojekiti ine tekinoroji-yakanyanya uye ruzivo-yakawanda, pamwe nepurojekiti ine zvinoshamisa zvehupfumi, ine tarisiro yebudiriro inoyevedza.
(1) Phosphors inoshandiswa se activator ye green powder mu tricolor phosphors, yakadai seterbium-activated phosphate matrix, terbium-activated silicate matrix uye.terbium-activated cerium-magnesium aluminate matrix, iyo yose inobudisa chiedza chegirini mumamiriro emufaro.
(2) Magneto-optical kuchengetedza zvinhu.Mumakore achangopfuura, terbium magneto-optical zvinhu zvasvika pachiyero chekugadzirwa kwakawanda.Magneto-optical discs akagadzirwa neTb-Fe amorphous mafirimu anoshandiswa semakomputa ekuchengetedza zvinhu, uye simba rekuchengetedza rinowedzerwa ne10 ~ 15 nguva.
(3) Magneto-Optical girazi,terbium-ine Faraday rotatory glass ndiyo chinhu chinokosha chekugadzira rotators, isolators uye annulators iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mu laser teknolojia.Kunyanya, kuvandudzwa kweTerFenol kwakavhura shanduro itsva yeTerfenol, inova chinhu chitsva chakawanikwa muma1970.Hafu yeiyi alloy inosanganisiraterbiumuyedysprosium, dzimwe nguva neholmiumuye imwe yasara isimbi.Musanganiswa wacho wakatanga kugadzirwa neAmes Laboratory muIowa, USA.Kana Terfenol yaiswa mundima yemagineti, saizi yayo inochinja kupfuura yeyakajairika magineti zvinhu, izvo zvinogona kuita kuti mamwe machanya ekufamba agoneke.Terbium dysprosium iron inonyanya kushandiswa mu sonar pakutanga, uye yakashandiswa zvakanyanya muminda yakawanda panguva ino.Kubva kune mafuta ejekiseni system, liquid valve control, micro-positioning, kune mechanical actuators, maitiro uye mapapiro ekugadzirisa materesikopu emhepo.
10
Dysprosium(Dy)
Metal dysprosium(mepu yedata)
(1) Sekuwedzera kweNdFeB magineti echigarire, achiwedzera nezve 2 ~ 3%dysprosiumkune iyi magineti inogona kuvandudza simba rayo rekumanikidza.Kare, kudiwa kwedysprosiumyakanga isiri yakakura, asi nekuwedzera kuri kuda kweNdFeB magineti, yakava chinhu chinodiwa chekuwedzera, uye giredhi rinofanira kunge riri 95 ~ 99.9%, uye kudiwa kwakawedzera nekukurumidza.
(2)Dysprosiuminoshandiswa se activator ye phosphor.Trivalentdysprosiuminovimbisa inomisa ion yezvinhu zve tricolor luminescent ine imwe chete luminescent centre.Iyo inonyanya kuve nemabhendi maviri ekuburitsa, imwe ndeyeyero mwenje emission, imwe yebhuruu mwenje emission.Zvigadzirwa zve luminescent zvakasanganiswadysprosiuminogona kushandiswa se tricolor phosphors.
(3)Dysprosiumisimbi inodiwa yekugadzira Terfenol alloy mune magnetostrictive alloy, iyo inogona kuona zvimwe chaizvo zviitiko zvemakinika kufamba.
(4)Dysprosium simbiinogona kushandiswa semagineti-optical kuchengetedza zvinhu zvine kukurumidza kurekodha kumhanya uye kuverenga kwekunzwa.
(5) Inoshandiswa mukugadzirira kwedysprosiummarambi, chinhu chinoshanda chinoshandiswa mukatidysprosiummarambi is dysprosium iodide, ine zvakanakira kupenya kwakanyanya, ruvara rwakanaka, tembiricha yakakwira ruvara, saizi diki, arc yakagadzikana uye zvichingodaro, uye yakashandiswa semwenje sosi yefirimu nekudhinda.
(6)Dysprosiuminoshandiswa kuyera neutron energy spectrum kana senyuturoni inonyudza muindasitiri yesimba reatomu nekuda kwehombe yayo yekutora neutron cross-sectional area.
(7)Dy3Al5O12 inogona zvakare kushandiswa semagineti inoshanda chinhu kune magineti firiji.Nekuvandudzwa kwesainzi uye tekinoroji, minda yekushandisa yedysprosiumicharamba ichiwedzerwa uye ichiwedzerwa.
11
Holmium(Ho)
Ho-Fe alloy(mepu yedata)
Parizvino, munda wekushandisa wesimbi unoda kuwedzererwa, uye kushandiswa hakusi kukuru.Munguva ichangopfuura, theRare EarthResearch Institute yeBaotou Steel yatora tekinoroji yepamusoro yekupisa uye yakakwira vacuum distillation yekuchenesa tekinoroji, uye yakagadzira yakakwirira kuchena simbi Qin Ho/> RE> 99.9% ine yakaderera zvirimo zvisiri-rare pasitsvina.
Parizvino, kushandiswa kukuru kwekiyi ndiko:
(1) Sekuwedzera kwerambi resimbi halogen, mwenje wesimbi halogen imhando yemwenje yekuburitsa gasi, iyo inogadzirwa pahwaro hwe-high-pressure mercury rambi, uye chimiro chayo ndechekuti girobhu rinozadzwa neakasiyana.rare earth halides.Parizvino, zvisingawanzo pasi iodides inonyanya kushandiswa, iyo inoburitsa mitsetse yakasiyana-siyana kana gasi rinobuda.Chinhu chinoshanda chinoshandiswa murambi resimbi ndeye qiniodide, Yakakwira maatomu esimbi inogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo yearc, nekudaro ichivandudza zvakanyanya kushanda kwemwaranzi.
(2) Simbi inogona kushandiswa sechinhu chinowedzera kurekodha iron kana bhiriyoni yealuminium garnet
(3) Khin-doped aruminiyamu garnet (Ho: YAG) inogona kuburitsa 2um laser, uye mwero wekunyudzwa we2um laser nematissue emunhu wakakwira, ingangoita matatu maodha ehukuru akakwira kupfuura ayo eHd: YAG.Naizvozvo, kana uchishandisa Ho: YAG laser yekurapa kwekurapa, haingogone kuvandudza mashandiro ekushanda uye kurongeka, asi zvakare kuderedza nzvimbo yekukuvara kwekupisa kusvika padiki saizi.Iyo yemahara danda inogadzirwa neiyo lock crystal inogona kubvisa mafuta pasina kuunza kupisa kwakanyanya, Kuti uderedze kukuvadza kwemafuta kune hutano tishu, zvinonzi w-laser kurapwa kweglaucoma muUnited States kunogona kuderedza marwadzo ekuvhiya. ye2um laser crystal muChina yasvika padanho repasi rose, saka zvakafanira kuvandudza nekuburitsa rudzi urwu rwelaser crystal.
(4) Huwandu hudiki hweCr hunogonawo kuwedzerwa mune magnetostrictive alloy Terfenol-D kudzikisa yekunze munda unodiwa kune saturation magnetization.
(5) Mukuwedzera, iron doped fiber inogona kushandiswa kugadzira fiber laser, fiber amplifier, fiber sensor uye mamwe maoptical communication madivayiri, ayo achaita basa rakakosha mune yanhasi inokurumidza optical fiber kutaurirana.
12
Erbium(ER)
Erbium oxideupfu (chati yeruzivo)
(1) Kubuda kwechiedza kweEr3 + pa1550nm kune kukosha kwakakosha, nekuti iyi wavelength inowanikwa pakurasikirwa kwakaderera kwefiber optical mu optical fiber communication.Mushure mekufadzwa ne 980nm uye 1480nm chiedza, iyo ion ion (Er3 +) inofamba kubva pasi pasi 4115 / 2 kusvika kune yakakwirira-simba simba 4I13 / 2. Apo Er3 + mune yakakwirira-simba shanduko inodzokera kumamiriro epasi, inoburitsa 1550nm chiedza.Quartz fiber inogona kufambisa mwenje weavelengths akasiyana,Zvisinei, iyo optical attenuation rate ye1550nm bhendi ndiyo yakadzikira (0.15 dB/km), inova inenge yakaderera muganho wekudzivirira. iyo inoshandiswa sechiedza chechiratidzo pa 1550 nm. Nenzira iyi, kana kusanganiswa kwakakodzera kwebheti kwakasanganiswa mumatrix akakodzera, amplifier inogona kubhadhara kurasikirwa muhurongwa hwekutaurirana maererano nelaser musimboti, naizvozvo, mune telecommunication network iyo. inoda kukwidziridza 1550nm optical chiratidzo, chirauro doped fiber amplifier chinhu chakakosha chemaziso.Parizvino, bait doped silica fiber amplifier yave ichitengeswa.Inoshumwa kuti kuitira kuti udzivise kushandiswa kusina maturo, iyo doped yakawanda mu optical fiber inosvika makumi kusvika kumazana e ppm.Kukurumidzira kukura kwe optical fiber communication ichazarura minda mitsva yekushandisa. .
(2) (2) Uye zvakare, iyo chirauro doped laser crystal uye yakabuda 1730nm laser uye 1550nm laser yakachengeteka kumaziso evanhu, yakanaka yemhepo yekufambisa kuita, kugona kwakasimba kwekupinda kuhondo yeutsi, kuchengetedzeka kwakanaka, hazvisi nyore kuonekwa ne muvengi, uye musiyano wemwaranzi yezvinangwa zvehondo yakakura.Yakagadzirwa kuita inotakurika laser rangefinder iyo yakachengeteka kumaziso evanhu mukushandiswa kwechiuto.
(3) (3) Er3 + inogona kuwedzerwa mugirazi kugadzira isingawanzo pasi girazi laser zvinhu, iyo yakasimba laser zvinhu ine hombe inobuda pulse simba uye yakanyanya kubuda simba.
(4) Er3 + inogona zvakare kushandiswa seiyo inoshanda mukatirare pasiupconversion Laser zvinhu.
(5) (5) Pamusoro pezvo, chirauro chinogona zvakare kushandiswa pakubvisa ruvara uye kuisa ruvara rwegirazi regirazi uye girazi rekristaro.
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Thulium(TM)
Mushure mekuvhenekerwa mune nuclear reactor,thuliuminogadzira isotopu inogona kuburitsa X-ray, inogona kushandiswa seinotakurika X-ray sosi (Data mepu)
(1)ThuliumInoshandiswa senzira yekupa muchina unotakurika weX-ray.Mushure mekuvhenekerwa mune nyukireya reactor, TM inogadzira rudzi rweisotopu inogona kuburitsa X-ray, inogona kushandiswa kugadzira inotakurika ropa irradiator.Rudzi urwu rweradiometer inokwanisa kushandura yu-169 kuita TM-170 pasi pekuita kwedanda repamusoro nepakati, uye kupenya X-ray kuvheneka ropa uye kuderedza masero machena eropa.Ndiwo aya masero machena eropa anokonzera kurambwa kwekuisirwa nhengo, Kuti kuderedze kurambwa kwekutanga kwenhengo.
(2) (2)Thuliuminogona zvakare kushandiswa mukuongororwa kwekiriniki uye kurapwa kwebundu nekuda kwehukama hwayo hwepamusoro kune bundu tishu, rinorema rare pasi rinoenderana kupfuura chiedza.rare pasi, kunyanya hukama hweYu ndiyo huru.
(3) (3) Iyo X-ray sensitizer Laobr: br (blue) inoshandiswa se activator mu phosphor ye X-ray sensitization skrini kuti iwedzere kunzwisiswa kwemaziso, nokudaro kuderedza kuratidzwa uye kukuvadza kweX-ray kuvanhu × Iyo radiation dose ndeye 50%, iyo ine yakakosha inoshanda kukosha mukushandiswa kwekurapa.
(4) (4) Rambi resimbi halide rinogona kushandiswa sekuwedzera mune nyowani yekuvhenekesa sosi.
(5) (5) Tm3 + inogona kuwedzerwa mugirazi kugadzira isingawanzo girazi repasi relaser material, iri solid-state laser material ine hombe inobuda pulse uye yakanyanya kubuda simba.Tm3 + inogonawo kushandiswa seyo activation. yezvisingawanzo pasi upconversion laser zvinhu.
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Ytterbium(Yb)
Ytterbium simbi(mepu yedata)
(1) Sezvo thermal shielding coating material.Zvigumisiro zvinoratidza kuti girazi rinogona kuvandudza kusagadzikana kwekuora kwe electrodeposited zinc coating zviri pachena, uye saizi yezviyo zvekuputira negirazi idiki pane yekupfeka isina girazi.
(2) Semagnetostrictive material.Ichi chinhu chine maitiro egiant magnetostriction, kureva, kuwedzera mumagnetic field. The alloy inonyanya kuumbwa negirazi / ferrite alloy uye dysprosium / ferrite alloy, uye chimwe chikamu che manganese chinowedzerwa kugadzira. giant magnetostriction.
(3) Mirror chinhu chinoshandiswa kuyera kudzvanywa.Ongororo dzinoratidza kuti kunzwisiswa kwegirazi chinhu kwakakwira mune calibrated pressure range, iyo inovhura nzira nyowani yekushandisa kwegirazi mukuyerwa kwekumanikidza.
(4) Resin-based kuzadza kwemakomba emolars kutsiva sirivheri amalgam yaiwanzo shandiswa kare.
(5) Nyanzvi dzeJapan dzakabudirira kupedzisa kugadzirira kwegirazi-doped vanadium baht garnet yakamisikidzwa mutsara waveguide laser, iyo yakakosha zvikuru mukusimudzira kwelaser tekinoroji.Uye zvakare, girazi rinoshandiswawo kune fluorescent poda activator, radio ceramics, yemagetsi komputa memory element (magnetic bubble) yekuwedzera, girazi fiber flux uye optical girazi rekuwedzera, nezvimwe.
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Lutetium(Lu)
Lutetium oxideupfu (mepu yedata)
Yttrium lutetium silicate crystal (mepu yedata)
(1) gadzira mamwe alloys akakosha.Semuenzaniso, lutetium aluminium alloy inogona kushandiswa neutron activation analysis.
(2) Yakagadzikanalutetiumnuclides inoita basa rinoita mupetroleum kupaza, alkylation, hydrogenation uye polymerization.
(3) Kuwedzerwa kweyttrium iron kana yttrium aluminium garnet kunogona kuvandudza zvimwe zvinhu.
(4) Zvigadzirwa zvemagineti bubble reservoir.
(5) Musanganiswa unoshanda kristaro, lutetium-doped aluminium yttrium neodymium tetraborate, ndeye tekinoroji yemunda wemunyu inotonhora kukura kwekristaro.Maedzo anoratidza kuti lutetium-doped NYAB crystal yakakwirira kune NYAB crystal mu optical uniform uye laser performance.
(6) Zvakaonekwa kutilutetiumine zvinogona kushandiswa mu electrochromic kuratidza uye yakaderera-dimensional molecular semiconductors.Pamusoro pe,lutetiuminoshandiswawo mune simba bhatiri tekinoroji uye activator ye phosphor.
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Yttrium(y)
Yttriuminoshandiswa zvakanyanya, yttrium aluminium garnet inogona kushandiswa se laser material, yttrium iron garnet inoshandiswa microwave teknolojia uye acoustic energy transfer, uye europium-doped yttrium vanadate uye europium-doped.yttrium oxideanoshandiswa se phosphors kune mavara eTV seti.(mepu yedata)
(1) Zvinowedzera zvesimbi uye zvisiri-ferrous alloys.FeCr alloy kazhinji ine 0.5-4%yttrium, iyo inogona kuwedzera kupikisa kwe oxidation uye ductility yeaya masimbi asina tsvina;Iyo yakazara zvimiro zveMB26 alloy zviri pachena kuti inovandudzwa nekuwedzera yakaringana yttrium-rich yakasanganiswa.rare pasi, iyo inogona kutsiva mamwe epakati-akasimba aruminiyamu alloys uye kushandiswa mune zvakasimbiswa zvikamu zvendege.Kuwedzera zvishoma zveyttrium-richrare pasimuAl-Zr alloy, Iyo conductivity yeiyo alloy inogona kuvandudzwa;Iyo alloy yakagamuchirwa nemafekitori mazhinji ewaya muChina.Kuwedzera yttrium mumhangura alloy inovandudza conductivity uye simba remagetsi.
(2) Silicon nitride ceramic zvinhu zvine 6%yttriumuye 2% aruminiyamu inogona kushandiswa kugadzira injini zvikamu.
(3) The Nd: Y: Al: Garnet laser beam ine simba re400 watts inoshandiswa kuchera, kucheka uye weld zvinhu zvikuru.
(4) Erekitironi maikorosikopu sikirini inoumbwa neY-Al garnet imwe kristaro ine kupenya kwefluorescence kwakakwira, kunyura kwakadzika kwechiedza chakapararira, uye yakanaka yekupisa tembiricha kuramba uye kusamira kwemagetsi.
(5) Pamusoroyttriumstructural alloy ine 90% yttrium inogona kushandiswa mundege uye dzimwe nzvimbo inoda yakaderera density uye yakakwirira melting nzvimbo.
(6) Yttrium-doped SrZrO3 high-temperature proton conductive material, iyo inokwezva kutarisa zvakanyanya panguva ino, inokosha zvikuru pakugadzirwa kwemafuta emafuta, masero emagetsi emagetsi uye magasi sensors anoda high hydrogen solubility.Pamusoro pe,yttriuminoshandiswawo seyakakura-tembiricha yekupfapfaidza zvinhu, diluent yeatomic reactor mafuta, chinowedzera chekusingaperi magineti zvinhu, uye getter muindasitiri yemagetsi.
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Scandium(Sc)
Metal scandium(mepu yedata)
Kana ichienzaniswa neyttrium uye lanthanide zvinhu, scandium ine yakanyanya kudiki ionic radius uye yakanyanya kusimba alkalinity yehydroxide.Naizvozvo, rinhiscandiumuye zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi zvinosanganiswa pamwechete,scandiuminonaya pekutanga kana ichirapwa neammonia (kana kunyanya kunyungudutsa alkali), saka inogona kupatsanurwa zviri nyore kubvarare pasizvinhu nenzira ye "fractional precipitation".Imwe nzira ndeyokushandisa polarization decomposition ye nitrate yekuparadzanisa.Scandium nitrate ndiyo iri nyore kuparara, nokudaro kuzadzisa chinangwa chekuparadzanisa.
Sc inogona kuwanikwa ne electrolysis.ScCl3, KCl neLiCl zvakanyungudutswa panguva yekucheneswa kwe scandium, uye zinc yakanyungudutswa inoshandiswa se cathode ye electrolysis, kuitira kuti.scandiuminodonhedzwa pane zinc electrode, uye ipapo zinc inoputika kuti iwanescandium.Pamusoro pe,scandiuminodzoserwa nyore nyore kana ichigadzira ore kugadzira uranium, thorium uye lanthanide zvinhu.Kudzoreredza kwakazara kwekubatanascandiumkubva ku tungsten uye tin ore zvakare imwe yeakakosha masosi escandium.Scandiuminonyanya kuita trivalent state mukomboni, iyo inoiswa nyore oxidized kupindaSc2O3mumhepo uye inorasikirwa nesimbi inopenya uye inoshanduka kuita grey yakasviba.
Iko kushandiswa kukuru kwescandiumvari:
(1)Scandiuminogona kuita nemvura inopisa kuti ibudise haidrojeni, uye inonyungudika muasidhi, saka inoderedza simba.
(2)Scandium oxideuye hydroxide inongova alkaline, asi madota ayo emunyu haakwanise kuve ne hydrolyzed.Scandium chloride ikristaro chena, inonyungudika mumvura uye ine deliquescent mumhepo.
(3) Muindasitiri yesimbi,scandiuminowanzoshandiswa kugadzira alloys (additives of alloys) kuvandudza simba, kuoma, kupikisa kupisa uye kushanda kwema alloys.Somuenzaniso, kuwedzera zvishoma zvishomascandiumkusimbi yakanyungudutswa inogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya zvinhu zvesimbi yakakandwa, uchiwedzera huwandu hushoma hwescandiumkune aluminium inogona kuvandudza simba rayo uye kudzivirira kupisa.
(4) Muindasitiri yemagetsi,scandiuminogona kushandiswa seyakasiyana semiconductor zvishandiso.Semuenzaniso, kushandiswa kwe scandium sulfite mune semiconductors kwakwezva kutarisa kumba nekune dzimwe nyika, uye ferrite ine.scandiumiri kuvimbisawo mumakombuta magineti cores.
(5) Muindasitiri yemakemikari,scandiumKomponi inoshandiswa sedoro dehydrogenation uye dehydration agent, inova inobatsira kugadzirwa kwe ethylene uye chlorine kubva mumarara hydrochloric acid.
(6) Muindasitiri yegirazi, magirazi akakosha anescandiuminogona kugadzirwa.
(7) Muindasitiri yemagetsi mwenje sosi,scandiumuye mwenje yesodium yakagadzirwascandiumuye sodium ine zvakanakira kushanda kwepamusoro uye yakanaka chiedza ruvara.
(8)Scandiumiripo muchimiro che45Sc mune zvakasikwa.Mukuwedzera, kune mapfumbamwe eradioactive isotopes eScandium, kureva 40~44Sc uye 46~49Sc.Pakati pavo, 46Sc, setracer, yakashandiswa muindasitiri yemakemikari, metallurgy uye oceanography.Mukurapa, kune vanhu kunze kwenyika vanodzidza vachishandisa 46Sc kurapa gomarara.
Nguva yekutumira: Aug-09-2021