Asarbeebta caadiga ah waa in haddii saliiddu tahay dhiigga warshadaha, markaadhul dhif ahwaa fitamiinka warshadaha.
Dhul naadir ahwaa soo gaabinta koox bir ah.Dhulka naadirElements,REE) ayaa la helay midba midka kale ilaa dhamaadkii qarnigii 18aad.Waxaa jira 17 nooc oo REE ah, oo ay ku jiraan 15 lanthanides oo ku jira miiska xilliyeed ee walxaha kiimikada-lanthanum(La),cerium(C),praseodymium(Pr),neodymium(Nd), promethium (Pm), iyo wixii la mid ah Waqtigan xaadirka ah, waxa si weyn looga isticmaalay dhinacyo badan sida elektiroonigga, kiimikooyinka petrochemicals iyo metallurgy.Ku dhawaad 3-5 sano kasta, saynisyahannadu waxay ogaan karaan isticmaalka cusub ee dhulka naadir ah, iyo mid ka mid ah lixdii halabuur ee kasta lama kala saari karodhul dhif ah.
Shiinaha ayaa qani ku ahdhul dhif ahmacdanta, oo kaalinta koowaad ka gashay saddexda adduun: kan ugu horreeya kaydka kheyraadka, oo lagu qiyaaso 23%;Wax-soo-saarku waa kii ugu horreeyay, oo xisaabiya 80% ilaa 90% badeecadaha dhulka dhifka ah ee adduunka;Mugga iibka ayaa ah kan ugu horreeya, iyadoo 60% ilaa 70% badeecadaha dhulka dhifka ah loo dhoofiyo dibadda.Isla mar ahaantaana, Shiinuhu waa dalka kaliya ee keeni kara dhammaan 17 nooc ee biraha dhifka ah ee dhulka, gaar ahaan kuwa dhexdhexaadka ah iyo kuwa culus.dhul dhif ahiyadoo la isticmaalayo millatari aad u wanaagsan. Saamiga Shiinaha waa mid xaasid ah.
Rwaa dhulwaa kheyraad istaraatiijiyadeed oo qiimo leh, kaas oo loo yaqaan "monosodium glutamate warshadaha" iyo "hooyada alaabta cusub", waxaana si weyn loogu isticmaalaa sayniska iyo farsamada casriga ah iyo warshadaha milatariga.Sida laga soo xigtay Wasaaradda Warshadaha iyo Tignoolajiyada, agabka shaqada sidadhul dhif ahmagnet joogto ah, luminescence, kaydinta hydrogen iyo catalysis waxay noqdeen alaabta ceeriin lagama maarmaanka u ah warshadaha-farsamada sare sida wax soo saarka qalabka horumarsan, tamarta cusub iyo warshadaha soo baxaya.It sidoo kale waxaa si ballaaran loo isticmaalaa in electronics, petrochemical warshadaha, biraha, mishiinada, tamarta cusub, iftiinka. warshadaha, ilaalinta deegaanka, beeraha iyo wixii la mid ah..
Horaantii 1983, Japan waxay soo bandhigtay nidaamka kaydka istiraatiijiga ah ee macdanta dhifka ah, iyo 83% ee gudahadhul dhif ahka yimid Shiinaha.
Bal u fiirso Maraykanka mar kale, aydhul dhif ahkaydku waa kan labaad ee Shiinaha oo kaliya, laakiin aydhul dhif ahdhammaan waa iftiindhul dhif ah, kuwaas oo loo qaybiyey kuwo culusdhul dhif ahiyo dhulyo naadir ah oo fudud.Culusdhul dhif ahaad bay qaali u yihiin, dhulka naadirka ahina waa dhaqaala la'aan aniga, kaas oo laga dhigay been abuurdhul dhif ahs by dadka warshadaha.80% ee USdhul dhif ahalaabaha laga keeno Shiinaha.
Jaalle Deng Xiaoping ayaa mar yiri: “Barita dhexe waxaa ka jira shidaal iyodhul dhif ahee Shiinaha." micnaha erayadiisu waa iska caddahay. Dhul naadir ah maaha oo kaliya lagama maarmaanka u ah "MSG" ee 1/5 alaabada teknoolajiyada sare ee adduunka, laakiin sidoo kale gorgortan awood leh Shiinaha miiska gorgortanka adduunka Mustaqbalka: Ilaali oo si cilmiyeysan uga faa'iidaysodhul dhif ahKhayraadka,Waxay noqotay istiraatijiyad qaran oo ay ku baaqeen dad badan oo leh fikrado sare sannadihii u dambeeyay si ay uga hortagaan qaaligadhul dhif ahkheyraadka in si indho la’aan ah loo iibiyo loona dhoofiyo dalalka reer galbeedka.Sanadkii 1992, Deng Xiaoping wuxuu si cad u sheegay heerka Shiinaha inuu yahay mid weyndhul dhif ahdalka.
Liiska isticmaalka 17 dhul dhif ah
1.lanthanumwaxaa loo isticmaalaa agabka daawaha iyo filimada beeraha
2.Ceriumwaxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa muraayadda baabuurta
3 praseodymiumwaxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa midabka dhoobada
4.Neodymiumwaxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa qalabka hawada sare
5 .Promethium waxay siisaa tamar kaaliyaha satalaytka
6.CodsigaSamariumAtomic Energy Reactor
7Europiummuraayadaha wax soo saarka iyo muraayadaha crystal dareeraha ah
8.Gadoliniumloogu talagalay sawirka magnetic resonance imaging
9.Terbiumwaxaa loo isticmaalaa hagaha garabka diyaaradaha
10.Erbiumwaxaa loo isticmaalaa safafka laser-ka ee arrimaha milatariga
11.Dysprosiumwaxa loo istcimaalaa ila iftiin ahaan filimka iyo daabacaadda
12.Holmiumwaxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu sameeyo qalabka isgaarsiinta indhaha
13 .Thuliumwaxa loo isticmaalaa ogaanshaha kiliinikada iyo daawaynta burooyinka
14.Ytterbiumwax lagu daro oo loogu talagalay curiyaha xusuusta kombiyuutarka
15.Codsigalutiumin technology batteriga tamarta
16.Yttriumwuxuu sameeyaa fiilooyinka iyo qaybaha xoogga diyaaradda
17.Scandiumwaxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu sameeyo Alloys
Faahfaahinta waa sida soo socota:
1
Lanthanum(LA)
Dagaalkii Khaliijka, aaladda aragtida habeenkii oo lehdhul dhif ahcuriyelanthanumayaa noqday isha ugu weyn ee laga helo taangiyada Mareykanka. Sawirka kore ayaa muujinayachloride lanthanumbudada (Data map)
Lanthanumwaxaa si weyn loo isticmaalaa in qalabka piezoelectric, qalabka electrothermal, qalabka thermoelectric, qalabka magnetoresistive, qalabka luminescent (buluugga buluu), alaabta kaydinta hydrogen, muraayad indhaha, qalabka laser, qalabka alloy kala duwan, iwm.LanthanumWaxa kale oo loo isticmaalaa kicinta diyaarinta alaabooyin badan oo kiimiko ah oo dabiici ah, saynisyahannadu waxay magacaabeenlanthanum"Super calcium" saamaynta ay ku leedahay dalagyada.
2
Cerium(CE)
Ceriumwaxaa loo isticmaali karaa sida kicinta, arc electrode iyo galaas gaar ah.Cerium daawahawaxay adkaysi u leedahay kulaylka sare waxaana loo isticmaali karaa in lagu sameeyo qaybo ka mid ah jet-ka (Data map)
(1)Cerium, sida wax lagu daro galaas, waxay nuugi kartaa ultraviolet iyo fallaadho infrared, waxaana si weyn loogu isticmaalay muraayadaha baabuurta. Kaliya kama hortagi karto fallaadhaha ultraviolet, laakiin sidoo kale waxay yareyn kartaa heerkulka gudaha baabuurka, si loo badbaadiyo koronto qaboojinta. Tan iyo 1997 , ceria ayaa lagu daray dhammaan muraayadaha baabuurta ee Japan.Sannadkii 1996-kii, ugu yaraan 2000 oo tan oo ceria ah ayaa loo adeegsaday muraayadaha baabuurta, iyo in ka badan 1000 tan oo gudaha Maraykanka ah.
(2) Hadda,ceriumWaxa loo istcimaalay nadiifinta qiiqa qiiqa baabuurta, kaas oo si wax ku ool ah uga hortagi kara xaddi badan oo gaasta qiiqa baabuurta ah in lagu sii daayo hawada.Isticmaalka eeCeriumgudaha Maraykanka ayaa ah saddex meelood meel ka mid ah wadarta isticmaalkadhul dhif ah.
(3) Cerium sulfide waxa loo isticmaali karaa midabada halkii laga isticmaali lahaa sunta rasaasta, cadmium iyo biraha kale ee waxyeelada u leh deegaanka iyo dadka.Waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu midabeeyo balaastikada, dahaarka, qalinka iyo warshadaha waraaqaha. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, shirkadda ugu horreysa waa Rhone Planck ee Faransiiska.
(4) CE: Nidaamka laser-ka ee LiSAF waa layser adag oo uu sameeyay Mareykanka.Waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu ogaado hubka bayoolojiga ah iyo daawada iyadoo lala socdo feejignaanta tryptophan.Ceriumwaxaa si weyn looga isticmaalaa meelo badan.Ku dhawaad dhammaan codsiyada dhulka dhifka ah ayaa ka koobanceriumSida budada dhalaalaysa, agabka kaydinta hydrogen, qalabka korantada,ceriumElectrodes tungsten, capacitors dhoobada, dhoobada piezoelectric,cerium silikoon carbideabrasives, alaabta ceeriin unugyada shidaalka, kicinta shidaalka, qaar ka mid ah qalabka magnetic joogto ah, steel Alloys kala duwan iyo biraha non-ferrous.
3
Praseodymium(PR)
(1)Praseodymiumwaxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa dhismaha dhoobada iyo dhoobada maalinlaha ah.Waxaa lagu qasi karaa dhaldhalaalka dhoobada ah si loo sameeyo glaze midab leh, waxaana sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa sida midabka dhalaalka hoostiisa.Midabku waa huruud khafiif ah oo leh midab saafi ah oo xarrago leh.
(2) Waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu sameeyo birlab joogto ah.Isticmaalka raqiis ahpraseodymiumiyobiraha neodymiumhalkii ay ka ahayd PureBiraha NeodymiumSi loo sameeyo wax magnet joogto ah, caabbinta oksijiinta iyo sifooyinka farsamada ayaa si cad loo wanaajiyey, waxaana lagu farsameyn karaa magnets qaabab kala duwan. Waxaa si ballaaran loo isticmaalaa qalabyada elektiroonigga ah iyo matoorada kala duwan.
(3) Waxaa loo isticmaalaa dildilaaca batroolka. Dhaqdhaqaaqa, xulashada iyo xasiloonida kicinta ayaa lagu wanaajin karaa iyada oo lagu daro kuwa la tayeeyey.praseodymiumiyoneodymiumshaandho molecular Y zeolite si loogu diyaariyo kicinta batroolka.Shiinuhu wuxuu bilaabay isticmaalka warshadaha 1970-meeyadii, iyo isticmaalka ayaa sii kordhaya.
(4)PraseodymiumWaxa kale oo loo isticmaali karaa polishing abrasive. Intaa waxaa dheer,praseodymiumwaxaa si weyn loo isticmaalaa in field fiber optic.
4
Neodymium(nd)
Maxaa marka hore taangiga M1 loo heli karaa?Taangiga waxaa ku rakiban Nd: YAG laser rangefinder, kaas oo gaari kara masaafo ku dhow 4000 oo mitir maalin cad (Data map)
Iyadoo dhalashadapraseodymium,neodymiumsoo baxay.Imaatinka neodymium wuxuu kiciyaydhul dhif ahgaroonka, ayaa door muhiim ah ka ciyaaray beerta naadirka ah ee dhulka, waxayna saameyn ku yeelataydhul dhif ahsuuqa.
Neodymiumwaxay noqotay meel kulul suuqa sanado badan sababtoo ah booskeeda gaarka ah ee goobtadhul dhif ah.Isticmaalaha ugu weyn eebiraha neodymiumwaa NdFeB wax magnet joogto ah.Imaatinka magnets-ka joogtada ah ee ndFeB waxay ku durtay firfircooni cusub goobta tignoolajiyada sare ee dhifka ah ee dhulka.Magnet NdFeB waxaa loogu yeeraa "boqorka magnets-ka joogtada ah" sababtoo ah badeecadeeda tamarta magnetic sare. Waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa qalabka elektiroonigga ah, mishiinada iyo warshadaha kale ee waxqabadkeeda ugu fiican.Horumarka guusha leh ee Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer wuxuu muujinayaa in sifooyinka magnetic ee magnets NdFeB ee Shiinaha ay galeen heerka heerka caalamiga ah.Neodymium is sidoo kale loo isticmaalo walxaha aan birta ahayn.Ku darida 1.5-2.5% neodymium ee magnesium ama aluminium aluminium ah waxay hagaajin kartaa waxqabadka heerkulka sare, cidhiidhiga hawada iyo iska caabbinta daxalka ee alloy. Si ballaaran loo isticmaalo sida qalabka hawada.Intaa waxaa dheer, neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet waxay soo saartaa laydhka laser-gaaban, kaas oo si weyn loogu isticmaalo alxanka iyo jarida walxaha khafiifka ah ee dhumucdiisuna tahay 10mm ee warshadaha.Daawaynta daawaynta, Nd: YAG laser waxa loo isticmaalaa in meesha laga saaro qaliinka ama jeermiska nabarrada halkii laga isticmaali lahaa maqaarka maqaarka.NeodymiumWaxa kale oo loo isticmaalaa midabaynta muraayadaha iyo alaabta dhoobada iyo sida lagu daro alaabta caagga ah.
5
Promethium (Pm)
Promethium waa curiye shucaac ah oo macmal ah oo ay soo saarto reactors nukliyeerka (khariidad xogta)
(1) Waxa loo isticmaali karaa il kulayl ahaan.Sii tamar caawisa ogaanshaha faakuumka iyo dayax-gacmeedka macmalka ah.
(2) Pm147 waxay soo saartaa tamar yar oo β-rays ah, taas oo loo isticmaali karo in lagu soo saaro baytariyada sumalka.Sida tamarta qalabka hagida gantaalada iyo saacadaha.Bateriga noocaan ah cabbirkiisu waa yar yahay waxaana si joogto ah loo isticmaali karaa dhowr sano.Intaa waxaa dheer, promethium sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaalaa qalab raajo la qaadi karo, diyaarinta fosfoor, cabbirka dhumucda iyo nalka.
6
Samarium(Sm)
Metal samarium(khariidada xogta)
Smwaa jaale khafiif ah, waana alaabta ceeriin ee Sm-Co magnet joogto ah, iyo Sm-Co magnet waa magnetka dhulka ugu horreeya ee dhifka ah ee loo isticmaalo warshadaha.Waxaa jira laba nooc oo birlab joogto ah: nidaamka SmCo5 iyo nidaamka Sm2Co17.Horraantii 1970-meeyadii, waxaa la alifay nidaamka SmCo5, waxaana la hindisay nidaamka Sm2Co17 xilliyadii dambe.Hadda dalabka dambe ayaa mudnaanta la siinayaa.daahirnimada eesamarium oxideloo isticmaalosamaroonmagnet cobalt uma baahna inuu aad u sarreeyo.Iyadoo la tixgelinayo qiimaha, Inta badan la isticmaalayo ilaa 95% alaabta.Intaa waxaa dheer,samarium oxideWaxa kale oo loo isticmaalaa capacitors dhoobada iyo kicinta.Intaa waxaa dheer,samaroonwaxay leedahay sifooyin nukliyeer ah, kuwaas oo loo isticmaali karo sidii qalab dhismeed, alaabta gaashaanka iyo qalabka xakamaynta tamarta atomikada, si tamarta weyn ee ka dhalata fiska nukliyeerka loo isticmaalo si badbaado leh.
7
Europium(Eu)
Europium oxidebudada (khariidada xogta)
Europium oxidewaxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa fosfooraska (khariidada xogta)
Sanadkii 1901, Eugene-AntoleDemarcay wuxuu helay curiye cusub "samaroon", la magacaabayEuropium.Tani waxay u badan tahay in loogu magac daray erayga Yurub.Europium oxidewaxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa budada fluorescent.Eu3+ waxa loo istcimaalaa hawlgeliyaha fosfoor cas cas, Eu2+na waxa loo isticmaalaa sidii fosfoor buluug ah.Hadda Y2O2S:Eu3+ waa fosfoorka ugu fiican ee waxtarka iftiinka, xasilloonida daahan iyo kharashka dib-u-warshadayntaEuropium oxideayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalay sidii kicinta fosfoorka sii daaya ee nidaamka cusub ee ogaanshaha caafimaad ee raajada sannadihii u dambeeyay.Europium oxideWaxa kale oo loo isticmaali karaa in lagu soo saaro muraayadaha midabka leh iyo filtarrada indhaha, qalabka kaydinta xumbo magnetic, Waxa kale oo ay muujin kartaa kartideeda qalabka xakamaynta, alaabta gaashaanka iyo qalabka dhismaha ee reactors atomiga.
8
Gadolinium(Gd)
Gadoliniumiyo isotopes-keedu waa nuucyada neutron-ka ugu waxtarka badan waxaana loo isticmaali karaa sidii hor-joogayaasha reactors nukliyeerka.(khariidada xogta)
(1) Qalabkeeda paramagnetic-ka ee biyaha-milmi kara waxay hagaajin kartaa calaamada sawirka NMR ee jidhka bini'aadamka ee daaweynta caafimaadka.
(2) Baaruud oxide-keeda waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sida matrixka tuubada oscilloscope-ka iyo shaashadda raajada oo leh dhalaal gaar ah.
(3)Gadolinium in GadoliniumGallium Garnet waa substrate kaliya oo ku habboon xusuusta xumbo.
(4) Waxaa loo isticmaali karaa qaboojiye adag oo magnet ah iyada oo aan la xakameynin wareegga Camot.
(5) Waxaa loo istcimaalaa sidii horjooge si loo xakameeyo heerka falcelinta silsiladda ee dhirta tamarta nukliyeerka si loo hubiyo badbaadada falcelinta nukliyeerka.
(6) Waxaa loo isticmaalaa sidii wax lagu darosamaroonmagnet cobalt si loo hubiyo in wax qabadku aanu isbeddelin heerkulka.
9
Terbium(Tb)
Terbium oxidebudada (khariidada xogta)
Codsiga eeterbiuminta badan waxay ku lug leedahay beerta casriga ah, taas oo ah mashruuc heer sare ah oo leh tignoolajiyada-dheer iyo aqoonta, iyo sidoo kale mashruuc faa'iidooyin dhaqaale oo cajiib ah leh, oo leh rajooyin horumarineed oo soo jiidasho leh.
(1) Fosfoorrada waxaa loo isticmaalaa sidii firfircoonayaasha budada cagaaran ee fosfooraska tricolor, sida terbium-activated phosphate matrix, terbium-activated silicate matrix iyoterbium-firfircoon ee cerium-magnesium aluminate matrix, kaas oo dhammaan sii daaya iftiinka cagaaran ee xaaladda xiisaha leh.
(2) Alaabta kaydinta indhaha ee Magneto-optical.Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, terbium magneto-optical maaddooyinka ayaa gaaray miisaanka wax soo saarka ballaaran.Saxanadaha Magneto-optical-ka ee laga sameeyay filimada amorphous-ka ee Tb-Fe waxa loo isticmaalaa sida walxaha kaydinta kombuyuutarka, awoodda kaydinta waxa la kordhiyey 10 ~ 15 jeer.
(3) Muraayadaha Magneto-optical,terbium-oo ka kooban galaas wareeg ah oo Faraday ah ayaa ah sheyga ugu muhiimsan ee lagu sameeyo rotators, isolators iyo annulators kuwaas oo si weyn loogu isticmaalo tignoolajiyada laysarka.Gaar ahaan, horumarinta TerFenol ayaa furay codsi cusub oo Terfenol ah, kaas oo ah walxo cusub oo la helay 1970-yadii.Kala badh ka mid ah daawahaan wuxuu ka kooban yahayterbiumiyodysprosium, mararka qaarkood lehholmiumInta soo hartayna waa bir. Alloynka waxaa markii ugu horreysay sameeyay Ames Laboratory ee Iowa, USA.Marka Terfenol la dhigo goob birlab ah, cabbirkeedu wuu isbeddelaa in ka badan kan qalabka birlabeedka caadiga ah, kaasoo ka dhigi kara dhaqdhaqaaqyo farsamo oo sax ah.Birta Terbium dysprosium waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa sonar marka hore, waxaana si ballaaran loo isticmaalay meelo badan oo hadda ah.From nidaamka duritaanka shidaalka, dareere waalka control, micro-meelaynta, in actuators makaanikada, hababka iyo garbaha garabka for telescopes hawada hawada.
10
Dysprosium(Dy)
Metal dysprosium(khariidada xogta)
(1) Sida wax lagu daro ee magnets-ka joogtada ah ee NdFeB, oo ku daray qiyaastii 2 ~ 3%dysprosiumMagnet-kan wuxuu wanaajin karaa xooggiisa qasabka ah.Waagii hore, baahida loo qabodysprosiumma ahayn mid weyn, laakiin iyada oo baahida sii kordheysa ee magnets NdFeB, waxay noqotay element lagama maarmaanka ah, iyo darajada waa in ay ahaataa qiyaastii 95 ~ 99.9%, iyo baahida sidoo kale si degdeg ah u kordhay.
(2)Dysprosiumwaxaa loo isticmaalaa sida kicinta fosfooraska.Trivalentdysprosiumwaa ion firfircoon oo rajo leh oo ah walxo iftiimin saddex midab leh oo leh hal xarun oo iftiin leh.Inta badan waxa ay ka kooban tahay laba qaybood oo qiiqa sii daaya, mid waa iftiin huruud ah, ka kalena waa nalka buluuga ah.Walxaha iftiinka leh ee lagu qurxiyeydysprosiumwaxaa loo isticmaali karaa sida fosfoorrada tricolor.
(3)Dysprosiumwaa alaab bir ah oo lagama maarmaan ah oo loogu talagalay diyaarinta daawaha Terfenol ee daawaha magnetostrictive, taas oo xaqiijin karta qaar ka mid ah hawlaha saxda ah ee dhaqdhaqaaqa farsamada.
(4)Biraha dysprosiumwaxaa loo isticmaali karaa sidii wax kaydinta magneto-optical oo leh xawli sare oo duubis ah iyo dareenka akhriska.
(5) Loo isticmaalo diyaarintadysprosiumnalalka, walaxda shaqaynaysa ee loo isticmaalodysprosiumLaambadaha waa dysprosium iodide, kaas oo leh faa'iidooyinka dhalaalka sare, midab wanaagsan, heerkulka midabka sare, cabbir yar, arc deggan iyo wixii la mid ah, waxaana loo isticmaalay sidii isha iftiinka filimka iyo daabacaadda.
(6)DysprosiumWaxa loo isticmaalaa in lagu cabbiro tamarta neutron-ka ama sida nuugista neutron-ka ee warshadaha tamarta atamka sababtoo ah qabsashada neutron-ka weyn ee aagga isku-tallaabta ah.
(7)Dy3Al5O12 waxa kale oo loo isticmaali karaa sidii walax ka shaqaynaysa magnetka qaboojiyaha magnetic.Iyadoo horumarinta sayniska iyo farsamada, beeraha codsiga eedysprosiumsi joogto ah ayaa loo balaadhin doonaa loona kordhin doonaa.
11
Holmium(Ho)
Ho-Fe daawaha(khariidada xogta)
Waqtigan xaadirka ah, goobta codsiga ee birta waxay u baahan tahay in la sii horumariyo, isticmaalka ma aha mid aad u weyn.Dhawaan, theDhulka naadirMachadka Cilmi-baarista ee Baotou Steel wuxuu qaatay heerkul sare iyo tignoolajiyada nadiifinta nadiifinta hawada sare, waxayna horumarisay birta nadiifka ah ee Qin Ho /> 99.9% oo leh waxyaabo hoose oo aan ahayn-dhul dhif ahwasakhda.
Waqtigan xaadirka ah, isticmaalka ugu muhiimsan ee qufulku waa:
(1) Sida wax lagu daro ee laambada halogen birta ah, birta halogen lamp waa nooc ka mid ah nalalka soo daaya gaaska, kaas oo lagu horumariyo iyada oo ku saleysan nalka meerkuri ee cadaadiska sarreeya, dabeecadiisuna waa in nalalka ay ka buuxaan noocyo kala duwan.dhul naadir ahh halides.Waqtigan xaadirka ah, iodide-yada dhulka naadir ayaa inta badan la isticmaalaa, kuwaas oo sii daaya xariijimo kala duwan marka gaasku soo baxo.Walaxda shaqada ee loo isticmaalo laambada birta waa qiniodide, xooga saarista atomyada birta ayaa laga heli karaa aagga arc, taas oo si weyn u hagaajinaysa waxtarka shucaaca.
(2) Birta waxaa loo isticmaali karaa wax lagu daro si loo duubo birta ama bilyan garnet aluminium
(3) Khin-doped aluminium garnet (Ho: YAG) waxay soo saari kartaa 2um laser, iyo heerka nuugista 2um laser ee unugyadu waa sarreeyaa, ku dhawaad saddex amar oo ka sarreeya kan Hd: YAG.Sidaa darteed, marka loo isticmaalo Ho: YAG laser qalliinka caafimaadka, kaliya ma wanaajin karto hufnaanta qalliinka iyo saxnaanta, laakiin sidoo kale waxay yaraynaysaa aagga waxyeellada kulaylka ilaa cabbir yar.Laydhka bilaashka ah ee ay dhaliso kristanta qufulku waxay baabi'in kartaa dufanka iyada oo aan dhalin kulayl xad dhaaf ah, si loo yareeyo waxyeelada kulaylka ee unugyada caafimaadka qaba, waxaa la sheegay in daawaynta w-laser ee glaucoma ee Maraykanka ay yarayn karto xanuunka qaliinka. ee 2um laser crystal in China ayaa gaadhay heerka caalamiga ah, sidaas darteed waa lagama maarmaan in la horumariyo oo la soo saaro nooca laser crystal.
(4) Qadar yar oo Cr ah ayaa sidoo kale lagu dari karaa magnetostrictive alloy Terfenol-D si loo yareeyo beerta dibadda ee looga baahan yahay magnetization saturation.
(5) Intaa waxaa dheer, fiber doped fiber waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in laga sameeyo fiber laser, fiber amplifier, fiber sensor iyo qalabyada kale ee isgaarsiinta indhaha, kuwaas oo door aad u muhiim ah ka ciyaari doona maanta isgaarsiinta degdega ah ee fiber indhaha.
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Erbium(ER)
Erbium oxidebudada (shaxda macluumaadka)
(1) Sii daynta iftiinka ee Er3 + at 1550nm ayaa ah mid muhiimad gaar ah leh, sababtoo ah mawjaddani waxay ku taallaa khasaaraha ugu hooseeya ee fiber-ka indhaha ee isgaarsiinta fiber optic.Ka dib markii lagu farxay iftiinka 980nm iyo 1480nm, bait ion (Er3 +) wuxuu ka soo gudbayaa gobolka dhulka 4115 / 2 ilaa heerka tamarta sare 4I13 / 2. Marka Er3 + ee tamarta sare u gudubto gobolka dhulka, waxay soo saartaa iftiin 1550nm ah.Fiber Quartz wuxuu gudbin karaa iftiinka mowjadaha kala duwan, si kastaba ha ahaatee, heerka hoos u dhigista indhaha ee 1550nm band waa kan ugu hooseeya (0.15 dB / km), taas oo ah ku dhawaad heerka hoose ee xadka hoos u dhaca. waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida iftiinka signalka ee 1550 nm. Sidan oo kale, haddii diiradda ku habboon ee sed lagu daro matrix ku habboon, amplifier-gu wuxuu magdhabi karaa khasaaraha nidaamka isgaarsiinta sida waafaqsan mabda'a laysarka, Sidaa darteed, shabakada isgaarsiinta taas oo Waxay u baahan tahay in la xoojiso ishaarka indhaha ee 1550nm, cod-weyneeye fibre-balaadhan sed doped waa aalad muhiim ah oo indhaha ah.Waqtigan xaadirka ah, sed doped silica fiber amplifier waa la iibiyay. Waxaa la sheegay in si looga fogaado nuugista aan faa'iido lahayn, qadarka doped ee fiber indhaha waa tobanaan ilaa boqolaal ppm. Horumarka degdega ah ee isgaarsiinta fiber indhaha ayaa furi doonta goobo cusub oo codsi ah. .
(2) (2) Intaa waxaa dheer, sed doped laser crystal iyo wax soo saarkeeda 1730nm laser iyo 1550nm laser waxay ammaan u yihiin indhaha bini'aadamka, waxqabadka gudbinta jawiga wanaagsan, awood xoog leh oo dhexgalka qiiqa goobta dagaalka, ammaan wanaagsan, ma fududa in lagu ogaado cadowga, iyo isbarbardhigga shucaaca bartilmaameedyada militarigu waa weyn yahay.Waxa laga dhigay qalab la qaadi karo oo leysarka la qaadi karo kaas oo badbaado u ah indhaha bini'aadamka marka loo eego isticmaalka militariga.
(3) (3) Er3 + waxaa lagu dari karaa galaas si loo sameeyo shay layser ah oo naadirka ah, kaas oo ah maaddada laser adag ee leh tamarta garaaca wadnaha ugu weyn iyo awoodda wax soo saarka ugu sareysa.
(4) Er3 + sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sida ion firfircoondhul dhif ahqalab laser kor u kaca.
(5) (5) Intaa waxaa dheer, sed ka waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa midabaynta iyo midabaynta muraayadaha iyo galaaska crystal.
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Thulium(TM)
Ka dib markii lagu shubay reactor nukliyeer,thuliumwaxay soo saartaa isotope ka soo saari kara X-ray, kaas oo loo isticmaali karo il raajo la qaadan karo (Data map)
(1)Thuliumwaxa loo istcimaalaa ila raajada mashiinka raajada ee la qaadi karo.Ka dib marka lagu sii daayo reactor nukliyeer, TM waxay soo saartaa nooc isotope ah kaas oo sii deyn kara raajada, kaas oo loo isticmaali karo in lagu sameeyo shucaac dhiig oo la qaadi karo.Qalabka shucaaca ee noocaan ah wuxuu u bedeli karaa yu-169 oo u beddelaya TM-170 iyada oo la raacayo ficilka laydhka sare iyo midka dhexe, oo ka saari kara Raajo si uu u nuugo dhiigga una yareeyo unugyada dhiigga cad.Waa unugyadan cad cad ee keena diidmada xubinta taranka, si loo yareeyo diidmada hore ee xubnaha.
(2) (2)ThuliumWaxa kale oo loo isticmaali karaa ogaanshaha kiliinikada iyo daawaynta burada sababta oo ah xidhiidhka sare ee unugyada burada, dhul dhif ah oo culus ayaa ka jaanqaad badan iftiinkadhul dhif ah, gaar ahaan xidhiidhka Yu waa kan ugu weyn.
(3) (3) Dareemiyaha X-ray Laobr: br (buluug) waxaa loo adeegsadaa firfircoonida fosfoorka shaashadda X-ray si kor loogu qaado dareenka indhaha, sidaas darteed hoos u dhigista iyo waxyeelada raajada ee bini'aadamka Qiyaasta shucaaca waa 50%, taas oo muhiimad la taaban karo ku leh codsiga caafimaadka.
(4) (4) Nalalka halide biraha ah waxaa loo isticmaali karaa wax lagu daro ilo iftiin cusub.
(5) (5) Tm3 + waxaa lagu dari karaa galaas si loo sameeyo qalab laser ah oo dhif ah, kaas oo ah qalabka laysarka ee adag ee leh garaaca wadnaha ugu weyn iyo awoodda wax soo saarka ugu sareysa.Tm3 + sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sida ion firfircoon. Qalabka laysarka ee naadirka ah ee isbeddelka dhulka.
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Ytterbium(Yb)
Biraha Ytterbium(khariidada xogta)
(1) Sida dahaarka kulaylka material.The natiijooyinka ayaa muujinaya in muraayad hagaajin kartaa iska caabin ah daxalka ee daahan zinc electrodeposited cad, iyo size hadhuudh of daahan muraayad waa ka yar in daahan aan muraayad.
(2) Maaddada magnetostrictive. Qalabkani wuxuu leeyahay sifooyinka magnetostriction giant, taas oo ah, ballaarinta garoonka magnetic. Alloy wuxuu inta badan ka kooban yahay muraayad / ferrite alloy iyo dysprosium / ferrite alloy, iyo qayb gaar ah oo manganese ah ayaa lagu daraa si loo soo saaro. magnetostriction weyn.
(3) Curiyaha muraayadda loo isticmaalo cabbiraadda cadaadiska.Tijaabooyinku waxay muujinayaan in dareenka curiyaha muraayadu uu sarreeyo qiyaasta cadaadiska, kaas oo furaya hab cusub oo loogu talagalay isticmaalka muraayadda cabbirka cadaadiska.
(4) Ku-buuxinta resin-ku-salaysan ee godadka molars si loogu beddelo isku-dhafka qalinka ah ee sida caadiga ah loo isticmaali jiray waagii hore.
(5) Culimada Japan ayaa si guul leh u dhammaystiray diyaarinta muraayadda-doped vanadium baht Garnet oo ku dhejisan laynka waveguide laser, taas oo muhiimad weyn u leh horumarinta dheeraadka ah ee tiknoolajiyada laysarka.Intaa waxaa dheer, muraayadda waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa firfircoonida budada fluorescent, ceramics raadiyaha, walxaha xusuusta kombiyuutarka elektaroonigga ah (xumbada magnetic) wax lagu daro, qulqulka fiber-ka galaaska iyo wax lagu daro muraayadaha indhaha, iwm.
15
Lutium(Lu)
Lutium oxidebudada (khariidada xogta)
Yttrium lutium silicate crystal (khariidad xogta)
(1) samee alaabo gaar ah.Tusaale ahaan, aluminium aluminium lutium waxaa loo isticmaali karaa falanqaynta firfircoonida neutron.
(2) Degganlutiumnuclides waxay door firfircoon ka ciyaaraan dildilaaca batroolka, alkylation, hydrogenation iyo polymerization.
(3) Ku darida birta yttrium ama yttrium aluminium garnet waxay hagaajin kartaa guryaha qaarkood.
(4) Qalabka ceeriin ee kaydka xumbo magnetic.
(5) Aluminium yttrium neodymium tetraborate lutetium-doped aluminium yttrium, ayaa iska leh beerta farsamada ee xalalka milixda qaboojinta koritaanka crystal.Tijaabooyinku waxay muujinayaan in lyetium-doped NYAB crystal uu ka sarreeyo NYAB crystal xagga lebbiska indhaha iyo waxqabadka laysarka.
(6) Waxaa la ogaaday inlutiumwaxay leedahay codsiyo suurtagal ah oo ku jira bandhiga elektrochromiga ah iyo semiconductors molecular-ka hooseeya.Intaa waxaa dheer,lutiumWaxa kale oo loo isticmaalaa tignoolajiyada batteriga tamarta iyo firfircoonida fosfooraska.
16
Yttrium(y)
YttriumSi weyn ayaa loo isticmaalaa, yttrium aluminium garnet waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sida walxaha laser, yttrium iron garnet waxaa loo isticmaalaa tignoolajiyada microwave iyo wareejinta tamarta dhawaaqa, iyo europium-doped yttrium vanadate iyo europium-dopedyttrium oxidewaxaa loo isticmaalaa sida fosfooraska midabada TV-ga.(khariidada xogta)
(1) Waxyaabaha lagu daro birta iyo daawaha aan birta ahayn.Daawaha FeCr wuxuu ka kooban yahay 0.5-4%yttrium, kaas oo kor u qaadi kara caabbinta oksaydhka iyo ductility ee birtaan aan fiicnayn;Guryaha dhamaystiran ee daawaynta MB26 ayaa si cad loo wanaajiyey iyada oo lagu darayo qadar habboon oo yttrium-qani ah oo isku dhafandhul dhif ah, kaas oo bedeli kara qaar ka mid ah aluminium aluminium-xoog dhexdhexaad ah oo loo isticmaali karo qaybaha walaaca ee diyaaradaha.Ku darida qadar yar oo yttrium-hodanka ahdhul dhif ahgalay Al-Zr daawaha, conductivity ee daawaha in la wanaajin karaa;Daawaha waxaa qaatay inta badan warshadaha siliga ee Shiinaha.Ku darida yttrium ee daawaha naxaasta waxay wanaajisaa dhaqdhaqaaqa iyo xoogga farsamada.
(2) Walxaha dhoobada ee Silicon nitride oo ka kooban 6%yttriumiyo 2% aluminium ayaa loo isticmaali karaa si loo horumariyo qaybaha mishiinka.
(3) Nd: Y: Al: Garnet laser beam oo leh quwad dhan 400 watts ayaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu qodo, la gooyo oo lagu alxanayo qaybo waaweyn.
(4) Shaashadda mikroskoob ee elektarooniga ah oo ka kooban Y-Al Garnet single crystal waxay leedahay dhalaal sare oo iftiin leh, nuugista iftiinka kala firdhisan, iyo iska caabin heerkul sare oo wanaagsan iyo iska caabin farsamo.
(5) Sareyttriumdaawaha qaab dhismeedka oo ka kooban 90% yttrium ayaa loo isticmaali karaa duulista iyo meelaha kale ee u baahan cufnaanta hoose iyo barta dhalaalka sare.
(6) Yttrium-doped SrZrO3 heerkul sare oo proton conductive walxaha, kaas oo soo jiidata dareenka badan wakhtigan, ayaa muhiimad weyn u leh wax soo saarka unugyada shidaalka, unugyada electrolytic iyo dareemayaasha gaaska u baahan solubility sare hydrogen.Intaa waxaa dheer,yttriumWaxa kale oo loo istcimaalaa sida wax lagu buufiyo heerkul sare, dareere shidaalka atomiga ah, wax lagu daro agabka birlabeedka joogtada ah, iyo geter warshadaha elektiroonigga ah.
17
Scandium(Sc)
Scandium birta(khariidada xogta)
Marka la barbar dhigo yttrium iyo canaasirta lanthanide, scandium waxa uu leeyahay raadiye ionic gaar ah oo yar iyo alkalinity daciif ah oo hydroxide ah.Sidaa darteed, markascandiumiyo curiyayaasha dhulka dhif ah ayaa isku dhafan.scandiumwaxay soo da'i doontaa marka ugu horeysa marka lagu daaweeyo ammonia (ama alkali aad u khafiif ah), si fudud ayaa loo kala saari karaadhul dhif ahcanaasiirta habka " roobab jajab ah ".Hab kale ayaa ah in la isticmaalo kala-soocidda kala-soocidda nitrate-ka. Scandium nitrate waa kan ugu fudud in la dumiyo, sidaas darteed lagu gaaro ujeedada kala-goynta.
Sc waxaa lagu heli karaa koronto.Scl3, KCl iyo LiCl waa la dhalaalay inta lagu guda jiro sifaynta iskaanka, iyo zinc-ka dhalaaliyay waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida cathode ee electrolysis, siscandiumwaxaa lagu soo degdegayaa korantada zinc-ka, ka dibna zinc-ga ayaa la uumi baxa si loo heloscandium.Intaa waxaa dheer,scandiumsi fudud ayaa loo soo kabsadaa marka la farsameeyo macdanta si loo soo saaro uranium, thorium iyo canthanide.Soo kabashada dhamaystiran ee la xidhiidhascandiumLaga soo bilaabo tungsten iyo tin ore sidoo kale waa mid ka mid ah ilaha muhiimka ah eescandium.Scandiumwaxay inta badan ku jirtaa xaalad trivalent ee xarunta, taas oo si fudud oksaydhaysan loo gelinayoSc2O3hawada ku jirta oo luminaysa dhalaalkeeda macdan waxayna isu beddeshaa cawl madow.
Isticmaalka ugu weyn eescandiumwaa:
(1)Scandiumwaxay kula falcelin kartaa biyo kulul si ay u sii daayaan hydrogen, sidoo kale waxay ku milmayaan aashitada, sidaas darteed waa walax yareynaya.
(2)Scandium oxideiyo hydroxide waa alkaline kaliya, laakiin dambas milixeed si dhib leh looma saari karo.Scandium chloride waa kiristaalo cad, oo ku milmay biyaha iyo hawada.
(3) Warshadaha birta,scandiumwaxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu sameeyo Alloys (wax-ku-darka Alloys) si loo hagaajiyo xoogga, adkaanta, caabbinta kulaylka iyo waxqabadka Alloys.Tusaale ahaan, ku darida qadar yar oo ahscandiumsi aad u dhalaaliso birta waxay si weyn u wanaajin kartaa sifooyinka birta shubka, iyadoo lagu darayo qadar yar oo ahscandiumaluminiumku wuxuu hagaajin karaa xooggiisa iyo caabbinta kulaylka.
(4) Warshadaha elektarooniga ah,scandiumwaxaa loo isticmaali karaa sida qalab semiconductor kala duwan.Tusaale ahaan, codsiga Scandium sulfite ee semiconductors ayaa soo jiidatay dareenka gudaha iyo dibadda, iyo ferrite ka koobanscandiumsidoo kale waxay ku rajo weyn tahay kombuyuutarrada magnetic.
(5) Warshadaha kiimikada,scandiumka samaysan waxa loo isticmaalaa sida aalkolada fuuqbaxa iyo wakiilka fuuqbaxa, kaas oo ah kicin wax ku ool ah soo saarista etylene iyo koloriin ka qashinka hydrochloric acid.
(6) Warshadaha galaaska, muraayadaha gaarka ah ee ka koobanscandiumwaa la soo saari karaa.
(7) In warshadaha ilayska korontada,scandiumiyo laambadihii sodium ka samaysan yihiinscandiumiyo sodium waxay leeyihiin faa'iidooyinka waxtarka sare iyo midabka iftiinka togan.
(8)Scandiumwaxay u jirtaa qaabka 45Sc ee dabiiciga ah.Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira sagaal isotopes radioactive ahScandium, kuwaas oo kala ah 40~44Sc iyo 46~49Sc.Waxaa ka mid ah, 46Sc, oo ah raadiye ahaan, ayaa loo adeegsaday warshadaha kiimikada, biraha iyo cilmiga badaha.Daawada, waxaa jira dad dibadda ah oo wax ku barta 46Sc si loo daweeyo kansarka.
Waqtiga boostada: Agoosto-09-2021