Awamba fanizo kuti ngati mafuta ndi magazi makampani, ndiyedziko losowandi vitamini wa mafakitale.
Dziko lapansi losowandi chidule cha gulu la zitsulo.Rare EarthElements,REE) zapezeka motsatizana kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18.Pali mitundu 17 ya REE, kuphatikiza 15 lanthanides mu periodic table of chemical elements-lanthanum(La),cerium(Ndi),praseodymium(Pr),neodymium(Nd), promethium (Pm), ndi zina zoteroPakalipano, zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'madera ambiri monga zamagetsi, petrochemicals ndi zitsulo.Pafupifupi zaka 3-5 zilizonse, asayansi amatha kupeza ntchito zatsopano zapadziko lapansi, ndipo chimodzi mwazinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zilizonse sichingasiyanitsidwedziko losowa.
China ndi wolemeradziko losowamchere, kukhala woyamba m'mayiko atatu: yoyamba m'malo osungiramo zinthu, ndi pafupifupi 23%;Kutulutsa kwake ndi koyamba, komwe kumatenga 80% mpaka 90% ya zinthu zomwe sizipezeka padziko lonse lapansi;Voliyumu yogulitsa ndi yoyamba, yokhala ndi 60% mpaka 70% yazinthu zomwe zasowa padziko lapansi zomwe zimatumizidwa kunja.Nthawi yomweyo, China ndi dziko lokhalo lomwe lingathe kupereka mitundu yonse 17 yazitsulo zapadziko lapansi, makamaka zapakati komanso zolemera.mayiko osowandi ntchito yapadera yankhondo.gawo la China ndilosangalatsa.
Rndi dzikondi gwero lamtengo wapatali, lomwe limadziwika kuti "industrial monosodium glutamate" ndi "mayi wa zipangizo zatsopano", ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu sayansi ndi zamakono ndi mafakitale ankhondo.Malinga ndi Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, zida zogwirira ntchito mongadziko losowamaginito osatha, luminescence, yosungirako haidrojeni ndi catalysis zakhala zofunikira kwambiri zopangira mafakitale apamwamba kwambiri monga kupanga zida zapamwamba, mphamvu zatsopano ndi mafakitale omwe akubwera. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri pamagetsi, mafakitale a petrochemical, zitsulo, makina, mphamvu zatsopano, kuwala. mafakitale, kuteteza zachilengedwe, ulimi ndi zina zotero..
Kumayambiriro kwa 1983, Japan idakhazikitsa njira yosungiramo mchere wosowa, ndipo 83% ya mayiko ake.mayiko osowaadachokera ku China.
Yang'anani ku United States kachiwiri, akedziko losowazosungirako ndi zachiwiri ku China, koma zakemayiko osowazonse ndi zowalamayiko osowa, zomwe zimagawanika kukhala zolemetsamayiko osowandi kuwala osowa nthaka.Zolemeramayiko osowandi okwera mtengo kwambiri, ndipo kuwala kosowa padziko lapansi ndi kopanda chuma kwanga, komwe kwasinthidwa kukhala zabodzadziko losowandi anthu m'makampani.80% ya USdziko losowakatundu wochokera ku China.
Comrade Deng Xiaoping adanenapo kuti: "Ku Middle East kuli mafutamayiko osowaku China." Tanthauzo la mawu ake likudziwikiratu. Dziko losawerengeka silili lofunika "MSG" lazinthu zamakono za 1/5 padziko lonse lapansi, komanso ndi chida champhamvu chamalonda cha China pa tebulo ladziko lonse lapansi. Kuteteza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mwasayansidziko losowachuma,Yakhala njira yadziko yoyitanidwa ndi anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi malingaliro apamwamba m'zaka zaposachedwa kuti apewe zamtengo wapatalidziko losowachuma kuchokera kugulitsidwa mwakhungu ndikutumizidwa kumayiko akumadzulo.Mu 1992, a Deng Xiaoping adafotokoza momveka bwino kuti dziko la China ndi lalikuludziko losowadziko.
Mndandanda wa ntchito za 17 rare earths
1.lanthanumamagwiritsidwa ntchito mu aloyi zipangizo ndi mafilimu ulimi
2.Ceriumchimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu galasi galimoto
3 praseodymiumamagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu utoto wa ceramic
4.Neodymiumamagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muzamlengalenga
5 .Promethium imapereka mphamvu zothandizira ma satelayiti
6.Kugwiritsa ntchito kwaSamariummu Atomic Energy Reactor
7Europiumkupanga magalasi ndi ma crystal amadzimadzi
8.Gadoliniumkwa chithunzi chachipatala cha magnetic resonance
9.Terbiumimagwiritsidwa ntchito powongolera mapiko a ndege
10.Erbiumamagwiritsidwa ntchito mu laser rangefinder muzochitika zankhondo
11.Dysprosiumimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero lowunikira filimu ndi kusindikiza
12 .Holmiumamagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zoyankhulirana zowoneka bwino
13 .Thuliumamagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira matenda ndi kuchiza zotupa
14.Ytterbiumchowonjezera cha kukumbukira kwa kompyuta
15.Kugwiritsa ntchito kwalutetiummu teknoloji ya batri ya mphamvu
16.Yttriumamapanga mawaya ndi zida zamphamvu za ndege
17.Scandiumnthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga aloyi
Zambiri ndi izi:
1
Lanthanum(LA)
Mu Gulf War, masomphenya usiku chipangizo ndidziko losowachinthulanthanumadakhala gwero lalikulu la akasinja aku US. Chithunzi pamwambapa chikuwonetsalanthanum klorideufa (Mapu a data)
Lanthanumamagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu zipangizo piezoelectric, electrothermal zipangizo, thermoelectric zipangizo, magnetoresistive zipangizo, luminescent zipangizo (buluu ufa), hydrogen yosungirako, galasi kuwala, zipangizo laser, zipangizo zosiyanasiyana aloyi, etc.Lanthanumimagwiritsidwanso ntchito pothandizira pokonzekera zinthu zambiri zamakina, Asayansi atchulapolanthanum"Super calcium" chifukwa cha zotsatira zake pa mbewu.
2
Cerium(CE)
Ceriumangagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chothandizira, arc electrode ndi galasi wapadera.Cerium alloyimagonjetsedwa ndi kutentha kwakukulu ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga ma jet propulsion parts (Mapu a data)
(1)Cerium, monga chowonjezera cha galasi, chingathe kuyamwa cheza cha ultraviolet ndi infrared, ndipo chakhala chikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu galasi lagalimoto.Sizingangoletsa kuwala kwa ultraviolet, komanso kuchepetsa kutentha mkati mwa galimoto, kuti apulumutse magetsi ku air conditioning.Kuyambira 1997 , ceria wawonjezedwa pamagalasi onse amagalimoto ku Japan.Mu 1996, pafupifupi matani 2000 a ceria anagwiritsidwa ntchito mu galasi la galimoto, ndi matani oposa 1000 ku United States.
(2) Panopa,ceriumikugwiritsidwa ntchito pothandizira kuyeretsa utsi wamagalimoto, zomwe zimatha kuletsa mpweya wochuluka wagalimoto kuti usatuluke mumlengalenga.Kumwa kwaCeriumku United States amawerengera gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a chakudya chonse chadziko losowa.
(3) Cerium sulfide ingagwiritsidwe ntchito mu utoto m'malo mwa lead, cadmium ndi zitsulo zina zomwe zimawononga chilengedwe ndi anthu.Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupaka utoto wa mapulasitiki, zokutira, inki ndi mafakitale opanga mapepala.Pakali pano, kampani yotsogolera ndi French Rhone Planck.
(4) CE: LiSAF laser system ndi laser yokhazikika yopangidwa ndi United States.Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira zida zankhondo ndi mankhwala powunika kuchuluka kwa tryptophan.Ceriumamagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'madera ambiri.Pafupifupi mapulogalamu onse osowa padziko lapansi amakhalacerium.Monga kupukuta ufa, hydrogen yosungirako zipangizo, thermoelectric zipangizo,ceriumma elekitirodi a tungsten, ma capacitors a ceramic, zida zadothi za piezoelectric,cerium silicon carbidema abrasives, mafuta opangira ma cell, zopangira mafuta, zida zina zokhazikika za maginito, zitsulo zosiyanasiyana za aloyi ndi zitsulo zopanda chitsulo.
3
Praseodymium(PR)
(1)Praseodymiumamagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomanga zitsulo zadothi ndi zoumba zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku.Itha kusakanikirana ndi glaze ya ceramic kuti ipangitse glaze, komanso ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati pigment ya underglaze.Pigment ndi yopepuka yachikasu ndi mtundu woyera komanso wokongola.
(2) Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga maginito okhazikika.Kugwiritsa ntchito mtengo wotsikapraseodymiumndineodymium zitsulom’malo mwa OyeraNeodymium zitsulokuti apange maginito okhazikika, kukana kwake kwa okosijeni komanso makina amawongoleredwa mwachiwonekere amawongolera, ndipo amatha kusinthidwa kukhala maginito amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazida zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi ndi ma mota.
(3) Kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu petroleum catalytic cracking.The ntchito, selectivity ndi kukhazikika kwa chothandizira akhoza bwino powonjezera analemeretsedwapraseodymiumndineodymiummu Y zeolite molecular sieve kukonzekera mafuta osokoneza mafuta chothandizira.China idayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale m'ma 1970, ndipo kumwa kukuwonjezeka.
(4)PraseodymiumItha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pakupukuta kwa abrasive.Kuphatikizanso,praseodymiumamagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu optical fiber field.
4
Neodymium(ndi)
N'chifukwa chiyani tank M1 ingapezeke kaye?Thankiyo ili ndi Nd: YAG laser rangefinder, yomwe imatha kufika pamtunda wa mamita pafupifupi 4000 masana owala (Mapu a data)
Ndi kubadwa kwapraseodymium,neodymiumzidakhalapo.Kufika kwa neodymium kunayambitsadziko losowamunda, adagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'munda wosowa padziko lapansi, ndipo adakhudzadziko losowamsika.
Neodymiumwakhala malo otentha pamsika kwa zaka zambiri chifukwa cha malo ake apadera m'munda wamayiko osowa.Wogwiritsa ntchito wamkulu waneodymium zitsulondi NdFeB okhazikika maginito zakuthupi.Kubwera kwa maginito a NdFeB okhazikika kwalowetsa mphamvu zatsopano m'munda wosowa kwambiri padziko lapansi.NdFeB maginito amatchedwa "mfumu ya maginito okhazikika" chifukwa cha mkulu maginito mphamvu product.It chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zamagetsi, makina ndi mafakitale ena ntchito zake zabwino.Kukula bwino kwa Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer kukuwonetsa kuti maginito a maginito a NdFeB ku China adalowa mulingo wapadziko lonse lapansi.Neodymium ndiAmagwiritsidwanso ntchito pazinthu zopanda chitsulo.Kuwonjezera 1.5-2.5% neodymium mu magnesium kapena zitsulo zotayidwa aloyi akhoza kusintha mkulu kutentha ntchito, zothina mpweya ndi dzimbiri kukana aloyi.Kuphatikiza apo, neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet imapanga mtanda wa laser wozungulira, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuwotcherera ndi kudula zida zoonda ndi makulidwe ochepera 10mm m'makampani.Pazachipatala, Nd: LAG laser imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsa opaleshoni kapena kupha mabala m'malo mwa scalpel.Neodymiumamagwiritsidwanso ntchito pokongoletsa magalasi ndi zida za ceramic komanso ngati chowonjezera pazinthu za mphira.
5
Promethium (Pm)
Promethium ndi chinthu chopanga ma radioactive chopangidwa ndi zida zanyukiliya (mapu a data)
(1) Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero la kutentha.Perekani mphamvu zothandizira kuti muzindikire vacuum ndi satellite yopangira.
(2)Pm147 imatulutsa ma β-ray omwe ali ndi mphamvu zochepa, omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga mabatire anganga.Monga mphamvu ya zida zowongolera zida ndi mawotchi.Batire yamtunduwu ndi yaying'ono kukula kwake ndipo imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosalekeza kwa zaka zingapo.Kuphatikiza apo, promethium imagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu chida chonyamula cha X-ray, kukonza phosphor, kuyeza makulidwe ndi nyali ya beacon.
6
Samarium(Sm)
Metal samarium(mapu a data)
Smndi chikasu chopepuka, ndipo ndizomwe zimapangidwira maginito okhazikika a Sm-Co, ndipo maginito a Sm-Co ndiye maginito akale kwambiri padziko lapansi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani.Pali mitundu iwiri ya maginito okhazikika: SmCo5 dongosolo ndi Sm2Co17 dongosolo.Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, dongosolo la SmCo5 linapangidwa, ndipo dongosolo la Sm2Co17 linapangidwa pambuyo pake.Tsopano chofuna chachiwirichi chikuperekedwa patsogolo.Chiyero chasamarium oxideyogwiritsidwa ntchito musamariummaginito a cobalt sayenera kukhala okwera kwambiri.Poganizira mtengo, makamaka kugwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi 95% ya zinthu.Kuphatikiza apo,samarium oxideamagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu ceramic capacitors ndi catalysts.Kuphatikiza apo,samariumali ndi zida za nyukiliya, zomwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zomangira, zotchingira ndi zida zowongolera zopangira mphamvu za atomiki, kotero kuti mphamvu yayikulu yopangidwa ndi kugawanika kwa nyukiliya ingagwiritsidwe ntchito motetezeka.
7
Europium(EU)
Europium oxideufa (mapu a data)
Europium oxideamagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga phosphors (mapu a data)
Mu 1901, Eugene-Antole Demarcay anapeza chinthu chatsopano kuchokera ku "samarium", dzinaEuropium.Izi mwina zimatchedwa dzina la mawu akuti Europe.Europium oxidenthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati fulorosenti ufa.Eu3 + imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati activator of red phosphor, ndipo Eu2 + imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati phosphor ya buluu.Tsopano Y2O2S:Eu3+ ndi phosphor yabwino kwambiri yowunikira bwino, kukhazikika kwa zokutira ndi mtengo wobwezeretsanso.Kuphatikiza apo, ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa chakusintha kwaukadaulo monga kuwongolera bwino komanso kusiyanitsa.Europium oxideyagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati stimulated emission phosphor pa njira yatsopano yachipatala ya X-ray m'zaka zaposachedwa.Europium oxideItha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga magalasi achikuda ndi zosefera zowonera, pazida zosungiramo kuwira kwa maginito, Itha kuwonetsanso maluso ake muzinthu zowongolera, zida zotchingira ndi zida zamapangidwe a ma atomiki.
8
Gadolinium(Gd)
Gadoliniumndipo ma isotopu ake ndi amphamvu kwambiri a nyutroni absorbers ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati inhibitors wa nyukiliya reactors.(mapu a data)
(1) Ma paramagnetic osungunuka m'madzi amatha kupititsa patsogolo chithunzi cha NMR cha thupi la munthu pochiza.
(2) Sulfur oxide yake ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati matrix oscilloscope chubu ndi X-ray chophimba ndi kuwala kwapadera.
(3)Gadolinium in GadoliniumGallium garnet ndi gawo limodzi loyenera losungira kukumbukira.
(4) Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati sing'anga yolimba yamaginito yafiriji popanda kuletsa kwa Camot.
(5) Imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati choletsa kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa ma chain reaction of nyukiliya kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo chazomwe zikuchitika.
(6) Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowonjezera chasamariumcobalt maginito kuonetsetsa kuti ntchito sikusintha ndi kutentha.
9
Terbium(Tb)
Terbium oxideufa (mapu a data)
Kugwiritsa ntchito kwaterbiummakamaka imakhudza gawo laukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri, womwe ndi pulojekiti yapamwamba kwambiri yokhala ndiukadaulo komanso chidziwitso chambiri, komanso pulojekiti yomwe ili ndi phindu lalikulu pazachuma, yokhala ndi chiyembekezo chosangalatsa chachitukuko.
(1) Phosphors amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati oyambitsa ufa wobiriwira mu tricolor phosphors, monga terbium-activated phosphate matrix, terbium-activated silicate matrix nditerbium-activated cerium-magnesium aluminate matrix, omwe onse amatulutsa kuwala kobiriwira mumkhalidwe wokondwa.
(2) Zida zosungiramo maginito.M'zaka zaposachedwa, zida za terbium magneto-optical zafika pakukula kwa kupanga kwakukulu.Magneto-optical discs opangidwa ndi Tb-Fe amorphous films amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zosungira makompyuta, ndipo mphamvu yosungira imachulukitsidwa ndi 10 ~ 15 nthawi.
(3) galasi la maginito,terbium-okhala ndi galasi lozungulira la Faraday ndilofunika kwambiri popanga ma rotator, isolator ndi annulators omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muukadaulo wa laser.Makamaka, chitukuko cha TerFenol watsegula ntchito yatsopano ya Terfenol, amene ndi nkhani yatsopano anapeza mu 1970s.Theka la aloyi ili nditerbiumndidysprosium, nthawi zina ndiholmiumndipo zotsalazo ndi chitsulo. Aloyiyi idapangidwa koyamba ndi Ames Laboratory ku Iowa, USA.Terfenol ikayikidwa mu mphamvu ya maginito, kukula kwake kumasintha kwambiri kuposa maginito wamba, zomwe zimatha kupangitsa kuti makina aziyenda bwino.Chitsulo cha Terbium dysprosium chimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu sonar poyamba, ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'madera ambiri pakali pano.
10
Dysprosium(Dy)
Metal dysprosium(mapu a data)
(1) Monga chowonjezera cha NdFeB maginito okhazikika, kuwonjezera za 2 ~ 3%dysprosiumku maginito awa akhoza kusintha mphamvu yake yokakamiza.M'mbuyomu, kufunika kwadysprosiumsichinali chachikulu, koma ndi kuchuluka kwa maginito a NdFeB, idakhala chinthu chofunikira chowonjezera, ndipo kalasi iyenera kukhala pafupifupi 95 ~ 99,9%, ndipo kufunikako kudakulanso mwachangu.
(2)Dysprosiumimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati activator ya phosphor.Katatudysprosiumndi ion yodalirika yoyambitsa zida za tricolor luminescent yokhala ndi luminescent imodzi yapakati.Makamaka imakhala ndi magulu awiri otulutsa mpweya, imodzi ndi kuwala kwachikasu, inayo ndi yotulutsa buluu.Zida zopangira luminescent zidapangidwadysprosiumangagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati tricolor phosphors.
(3)Dysprosiumndi zofunika zitsulo zopangira pokonzekera Terfenol aloyi mu aloyi magnetostrictive, amene angathe kuzindikira zinthu zenizeni za kayendedwe makina.
(4)Dysprosium zitsuloItha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati magneto-optical yosungirako zinthu zokhala ndi liwiro lojambulira komanso chidwi chowerenga.
(5) Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekeradysprosiumnyali, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchitodysprosiumnyali ndi dysprosium ayodini, amene ali ndi ubwino wowala kwambiri, mtundu wabwino, kutentha kwamtundu wapamwamba, kukula kochepa, arc khola ndi zina zotero, ndipo wakhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero lounikira filimu ndi kusindikiza.
(6)Dysprosiumimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza kuchuluka kwa mphamvu za nyutroni kapena ngati chotengera nyutroni m'makampani opanga mphamvu za atomiki chifukwa cha malo ake akuluakulu ophatikizira manyutroni.
(7) Dy3Al5O12 Angagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati maginito ntchito zinthu maginito firiji.Ndi chitukuko cha sayansi ndi zamakono, ntchito minda yadysprosiumzidzakulitsidwa ndi kukulitsidwa mosalekeza.
11
Holmium(Ho)
Ho-Fe aloyi(mapu a data)
Pakalipano, gawo logwiritsira ntchito chitsulo liyenera kupititsidwa patsogolo, ndipo kumwa sikuli kwakukulu kwambiri.Posachedwapa, aRare EarthResearch Institute of Baotou Steel yatengera umisiri wotentha kwambiri komanso woyeretsera zitsulo za vacuum distillation, ndipo yapanga zitsulo zoyera kwambiri Qin Ho/>RE>99.9% zokhala ndi zotsika zotsikadziko losowazonyansa.
Pakali pano, ntchito zazikulu za maloko ndi:
(1) Monga chowonjezera cha zitsulo za halogen nyali, nyali ya halogen yachitsulo ndi mtundu wa nyali yotulutsa mpweya, yomwe imapangidwa pamaziko a nyali ya mercury yapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo khalidwe lake ndilokuti babuyo amadzazidwa ndi zosiyanasiyana.duwa losowah halidi.Pakalipano, ma iodide osowa padziko lapansi amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka, omwe amatulutsa mizere yowoneka bwino pamene mpweya utuluka.Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nyali yachitsulo ndi qiniodide, Kuchuluka kwa maatomu achitsulo kumatha kupezeka m'dera la arc, motero kumapangitsa kuti dzuwa liziyenda bwino.
(2) Chitsulo chingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chowonjezera chojambulira chitsulo kapena mabiliyoni a aluminiyamu garnet
(3) Khin-doped aluminium garnet (Ho: YAG) imatha kutulutsa 2um laser, ndipo mayamwidwe a 2um laser ndi minyewa yamunthu ndi okwera, pafupifupi maulalo atatu apamwamba kuposa a Hd: YAG.Chifukwa chake, mukamagwiritsa ntchito Ho: YAG laser pachipatala, sizingangowonjezera magwiridwe antchito komanso kulondola, komanso kuchepetsa malo owonongeka amafuta kukhala ochepa.Mtengo waulere wopangidwa ndi kristalo wotsekera ukhoza kuthetsa mafuta popanda kutulutsa kutentha kwambiri, Pofuna kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwamafuta ku minofu yathanzi, akuti chithandizo cha w-laser cha glaucoma ku United States chingachepetse ululu wa opaleshoni. wa 2um laser crystal ku China wafika mlingo mayiko, choncho m'pofunika kukhala ndi kutulutsa mtundu uwu wa galasi laser.
(4) Kuchepa kwa Cr kumatha kuwonjezeredwa mu aloyi ya magnetostrictive Terfenol-D kuti muchepetse gawo lakunja lofunikira kuti machulukitsidwe maginito.
(5) Komanso, chitsulo doped CHIKWANGWANI angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga CHIKWANGWANI laser, CHIKWANGWANI amplifier, CHIKWANGWANI sensa ndi zina kuwala zipangizo kulankhulana, amene adzakhala mbali yofunika kwambiri masiku ano mofulumira kuwala CHIKWANGWANI kulankhulana.
12
Erbium(ER)
Erbium oxideufa (chidziwitso tchati)
(1) Kuwala kwa Er3 + pa 1550nm kuli ndi tanthauzo lapadera, chifukwa kutalika kwa mafundewa kumakhala pakutayika kochepa kwambiri kwa fiber optical mu optical fiber communication.Pambuyo posangalala ndi kuwala kwa 980nm ndi 1480nm, nyambo ya ion (Er3 +) imadutsa kuchokera kumtunda wa 4115 / 2 kupita ku 4I13 / 2 yamphamvu kwambiri. imatulutsa kuwala kwa 1550nm.Ulusi wa quartz umatha kutumiza kuwala kosiyanasiyana kwa mafunde, komabe, kutsika kwa kuwala kwa 1550nm band ndikotsika kwambiri (0.15 dB / km), komwe kuli pafupifupi kutsika kwa malire. imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kuwala kwa chizindikiro pa 1550 nm. Mwanjira iyi, ngati nyambo yoyenera ikusakanikirana ndi matrix oyenerera, amplifier akhoza kubwezera kutayika mu njira yolankhulirana molingana ndi mfundo ya laser, chifukwa chake, mu ma telecommunication network omwe. ikuyenera kukulitsa chizindikiro cha 1550nm, nyambo ya doped fiber amplifier ndi chipangizo chofunikira chowunikira.Pakali pano, nyambo ya doped silica fiber amplifier yakhala ikugulitsidwa. Zimanenedwa kuti pofuna kupewa kuyamwa kopanda phindu, kuchuluka kwa doped mu fiber optical ndi makumi mpaka mazana a ppm. .
(2) (2) Kuphatikiza apo, nyambo ya laser crystal ndi linanena bungwe 1730nm laser ndi 1550nm laser ndi otetezeka kwa maso a anthu, ntchito yabwino mumlengalenga kufala, amphamvu malowedwe kuti nkhondo utsi, chitetezo chabwino, si zophweka kudziwika ndi mdani, ndipo kusiyana kwa radiation ya zolinga zankhondo ndi kwakukulu.Yapangidwa kukhala chonyamula laser rangefinder chomwe chili chotetezeka kwa maso a anthu pakugwiritsa ntchito zankhondo.
(3) (3) Er3 + ikhoza kuwonjezeredwa mugalasi kuti ipange magalasi a laser osowa padziko lapansi, omwe ndi zinthu zolimba za laser zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri komanso mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri.
(4) Er3 + itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati ion yogwira mkatidziko losowaupconversion laser zipangizo.
(5) (5) Kuphatikiza apo, nyamboyo itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pochotsa utoto komanso utoto wa magalasi agalasi ndi galasi la kristalo.
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Thulium(TM)
Pambuyo poyatsidwa mu nuclear reactor,thuliumimapanga isotopu yomwe imatha kutulutsa X-ray, yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati gwero la X-ray (mapu a data)
(1)Thuliumamagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero la ma ray a makina onyamula a X-ray.Pambuyo poyatsidwa ndi zida zanyukiliya, TM imapanga mtundu wa isotopu yomwe imatha kutulutsa X-ray, yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga chowunikira magazi.Mtundu uwu wa radiometer ukhoza kusintha yu-169 kukhala TM-170 pansi pa mtengo wapamwamba ndi wapakati, ndikuwunikira X-ray kuti isungunuke magazi ndi kuchepetsa maselo oyera a magazi.Ndi maselo oyera amwaziwa omwe amayambitsa kukana kuyika ziwalo, kuti achepetse kukana koyambirira kwa ziwalo.
(2) (2)ThuliumItha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pakuzindikira komanso kuchiza chotupa chifukwa cholumikizana kwambiri ndi minofu ya chotupa, dziko lapansi lolemera kwambiri limagwirizana kwambiri kuposa kuwala.dziko losowa, makamaka mgwirizano wa Yu ndi waukulu kwambiri.
(3) (3) The X-ray sensitizer Laobr: br (buluu) amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati activator mu phosphor ya X-ray sensitization chophimba kumapangitsanso tilinazo kuwala, motero kuchepetsa kukhudzana ndi kuvulaza X-ray kwa anthu × Mlingo wa radiation ndi 50%, womwe uli ndi tanthauzo lofunikira pazachipatala.
(4) (4) Nyali yachitsulo ya halide ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chowonjezera mu gwero latsopano lounikira.
(5) (5) Tm3 + akhoza kuwonjezeredwa mu galasi kupanga osowa dziko lapansi galasi laser zakuthupi, amene ndi olimba-boma laser chuma ndi kugunda kwakukulu linanena bungwe ndi apamwamba linanena bungwe power.Tm3 + Angagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati ion kutsegula za osowa lapansi upconversion laser zipangizo.
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Ytterbium(Yb)
Ytterbium zitsulo(mapu a data)
(1) Monga matenthedwe otchingira zotchingira zinthu.Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kuti galasi limatha kuwongolera kukana kwa dzimbiri kwa zokutira za electrodeposited zinki mwachiwonekere, ndipo kukula kwa njere ya zokutira ndi kalirole ndi kocheperako kuposa zokutira popanda kalilole.
(2) Monga magnetostrictive material.This zinthu ali ndi makhalidwe a magnetostriction chimphona, ndiko kuti, kukulitsa maginito field.The aloyi makamaka wapangidwa ndi galasi / ferrite aloyi ndi dysprosium / ferrite aloyi, ndi gawo lina la manganese anawonjezera kutulutsa. magnetostriction wamkulu.
(3) galasi logwiritsidwa ntchito poyeza kuthamanga.Mayesero amasonyeza kuti tilinazo galasi chinthu ndi mkulu mu calibrated kuthamanga osiyanasiyana, amene amatsegula njira yatsopano ntchito galasi muyeso kuthamanga.
(4) Zodzaza ndi utomoni pazibowo za ma molars kuti zilowe m'malo mwa siliva amalgam omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mbuyomu.
(5) Akatswiri a ku Japan amaliza bwino ntchito yokonza laser-doped vanadium baht garnet embedded line waveguide laser, yomwe ili yofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwaukadaulo wa laser.Kuphatikiza apo, galasilo limagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati fulorosenti ufa activator, radio ceramics, electronic computer memory element (magnetic bubble) additive, glass fiber flux ndi optical glass additive, etc.
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Lutetium(Lu)
Lutetium oxideufa (mapu a data)
Yttrium lutetium silicate crystal (mapu a data)
(1) kupanga zosakaniza zapadera.Mwachitsanzo, lutetium aluminiyamu aloyi angagwiritsidwe ntchito kusanthula neutroni kutsegula.
(2) Wokhazikikalutetiumma nuclides amatenga gawo lothandizira pakuphwanya mafuta, alkylation, hydrogenation ndi polymerization.
(3) Kuwonjezera kwa chitsulo cha yttrium kapena yttrium aluminium garnet kungapangitse zinthu zina.
(4) Zopangira maginito kuwira posungira.
(5) Gulu lophatikizika la kristalo, lutetium-doped aluminium yttrium neodymium tetraborate, ndi gawo laukadaulo la njira yoziziritsira makristalo.Zoyeserera zikuwonetsa kuti kristalo wa lutetium-doped NYAB ndi wapamwamba kuposa kristalo wa NYAB mu mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso magwiridwe antchito a laser.
(6) Zapezeka kutilutetiumili ndi kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito ma electrochromic display ndi ma semiconductors apansi adimensional molecular.Kuphatikiza apo,lutetiumimagwiritsidwanso ntchito muukadaulo wa batri yamagetsi ndi activator ya phosphor.
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Yttrium(y)
Yttriumamagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, yttrium aluminium garnet ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati laser material, yttrium iron garnet imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa teknoloji ya microwave ndi acoustic energy transfer, ndi europium-doped yttrium vanadate ndi europium-dopedyttrium oxideamagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati phosphors pamitundu yama TV.(mapu a data)
(1) Zowonjezera zazitsulo ndi zosakaniza zopanda chitsulo.FeCr aloyi nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi 0.5-4%yttrium, zomwe zingapangitse kukana kwa okosijeni ndi ductility zazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri;Makhalidwe onse a aloyi a MB26 mwachiwonekere amapangidwa bwino powonjezera kuchuluka kokwanira kwa yttrium-rich osakaniza.dziko losowa, yomwe ingalowe m'malo mwazitsulo za aluminiyamu zolimba zapakatikati ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'zigawo zokhazikika za ndege.Kuwonjezera pang'ono yttrium-richdziko losowamu Al-Zr alloy, Ma conductivity a alloy akhoza kukhala bwino;Aloyiyi yatengedwa ndi mafakitale ambiri amawaya ku China.Kuonjezera yttrium mu aloyi yamkuwa kumapangitsa kuti ma conductivity apangidwe komanso mphamvu zamakina.
(2) Silicon nitride ceramic zinthu zomwe zili ndi 6%yttriumndi 2% aluminiyamu angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga mbali injini.
(3) The Nd: Y: Al: Garnet laser mtengo ndi mphamvu 400 Watts ntchito kubowola, kudula ndi kuwotcherera zigawo zikuluzikulu.
(4) Chotchinga cha ma electron microscope chopangidwa ndi Y-Al garnet single crystal chili ndi kuwala kwakukulu kwa fulorosenti, kuyamwa kochepa kwa kuwala komwazika, komanso kukana kutentha kwambiri komanso kukana kuvala kwa makina.
(5) Pamwambayttriumstructural alloy yomwe ili ndi 90% yttrium ingagwiritsidwe ntchito paulendo wa pandege ndi malo ena omwe amafunikira kachulukidwe otsika komanso malo osungunuka kwambiri.
(6) Yttrium-doped SrZrO3 high-temperature proton conductive material, yomwe imakopa chidwi kwambiri pakalipano, ndiyofunikira kwambiri pakupanga maselo amafuta, ma cell electrolytic ndi masensa agesi omwe amafunikira kusungunuka kwa hydrogen.Kuphatikiza apo,yttriumamagwiritsidwanso ntchito monga mkulu-kutentha kupopera zinthu, ndi diluent kwa atomiki riyakitala mafuta, ndi zowonjezera kwa okhazikika maginito zipangizo, ndi getter mu makampani zamagetsi.
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Scandium(Sc)
Metal scandium(mapu a data)
Poyerekeza ndi zinthu za yttrium ndi lanthanide, scandium ili ndi radius yaying'ono kwambiri komanso alkalinity yofooka kwambiri ya hydroxide.Choncho, pamenescandiumndi zinthu zosowa zapadziko lapansi zimasakanizidwa,scandiumimayamba mvula ikathandizidwa ndi ammonia (kapena kusungunula kwambiri alkali), kotero imatha kupatulidwa mosavutadziko losowazinthu ndi njira ya "fractional precipitation".Njira ina ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito polarization decomposition of nitrate for separation.Scandium nitrate ndi yosavuta kuwola, motero kukwaniritsa cholinga cha kulekana.
Sc ikhoza kupezedwa ndi electrolysis.ScCl3, KCl ndi LiCl amasungunuka panthawi yoyenga scandium, ndipo zinc yosungunuka imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cathode ya electrolysis, kotero kutiscandiumndi mpweya pa elekitirodi nthaka, ndiyeno nthaka chamunthuyo kupezascandium.Kuphatikiza apo,scandiumimapezedwa mosavuta pokonza miyala kuti ipange uranium, thorium ndi lanthanide zinthu.Kubwezeretsa kwathunthu kogwirizanascandiumkuchokera ku tungsten ndi malata ndi amodzi mwa magwero ofunikira ascandium.Scandiumali makamaka trivalent boma pawiri, amene mosavuta oxidized muChithunzi cha Sc2O3mumlengalenga ndipo imataya kuwala kwake kwachitsulo ndikusandulika kukhala imvi.
Ntchito zazikulu zascandiumndi:
(1)Scandiumimatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi madzi otentha kuti itulutse haidrojeni, komanso imasungunuka mu asidi, motero imachepetsa kwambiri.
(2)Scandium oxidendipo hydroxide ndi zamchere zokha, koma phulusa lake lamchere silingathe kupangidwa ndi hydrolyzed.Scandium chloride ndi kristalo woyera, wosungunuka m'madzi komanso wonyezimira mumlengalenga.
(3) M'makampani opanga zitsulo,scandiumNthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma aloyi (zowonjezera za aloyi) kuti apititse patsogolo mphamvu, kuuma, kukana kutentha ndi magwiridwe antchito a aloyi.Mwachitsanzo, kuwonjezera pang'ono pang'onoscandiumkuti chitsulo chosungunuka akhoza kwambiri kusintha katundu wa chitsulo chosungunuka, pamene kuwonjezera pang'onoscandiumkuti aluminiyamu akhoza kusintha mphamvu zake ndi kutentha kukana.
(4) M'makampani opanga zamagetsi,scandiumItha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zosiyanasiyana za semiconductor.Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito scandium sulfite mu semiconductors kwakopa chidwi kunyumba ndi kunja, ndi ferrite munali.scandiumimalonjezanso pamakompyuta maginito cores.
(5) M'makampani opanga mankhwala,scandiumpawiri ntchito ngati mowa dehydrogenation ndi madzi m'thupi wothandizila, amene ndi kothandiza chothandizira kupanga ethylene ndi chlorine ku zinyalala hydrochloric acid.
(6) M'makampani agalasi, magalasi apadera omwe ali ndiscandiumakhoza kupangidwa.
(7) M'makampani opanga magetsi,scandiumndi nyali za sodium zopangidwa ndiscandiumndi sodium ili ndi ubwino wochita bwino kwambiri komanso mtundu wabwino wowala.
(8)Scandiumilipo mu mawonekedwe a 45Sc mu chilengedwe.Kuphatikiza apo, pali ma isotopu asanu ndi anayi a radioactiveScandium, zomwe ndi 40~44Sc ndi 46~49Sc.Pakati pawo, 46Sc, ngati tracer, yagwiritsidwa ntchito mumakampani opanga mankhwala, zitsulo ndi zojambulajambula.Zamankhwala, pali anthu akunja omwe amaphunzira kugwiritsa ntchito 46Sc kuchiza khansa.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-09-2021