Aisingathekiso evamile ukuthi uma amafutha kuyigazi embonini, keumhlaba ongavamileivithamini yemboni.
Umhlaba ongavamileisifinyezo seqembu lezinsimbi.Umhlaba ongavamileElements,REE) zitholwe ngokulandelana kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18.Kunezinhlobo ezingu-17 ze-REE, kuhlanganise nama-lanthanides angu-15 kuthebula le-periodic lama-elementi amakhemikhali-i-lanthanum(La),i-cerium(Ce),i-praseodymium(Pr),i-neodymium(Nd), i-promethium (Pm), njalonjaloOkwamanje, isetshenziswe kabanzi emikhakheni eminingi efana ne-electronics, i-petrochemicals kanye ne-metallurgy.Cishe njalo eminyakeni emi-3-5, ososayensi bangathola ukusetshenziswa okusha komhlaba ongavamile, futhi okusunguliwe okukodwa kweziyisithupha akunakuhlukaniswa nakho.umhlaba ongavamile.
I-China inothileumhlaba ongavamileamaminerali, akleliswe endaweni yokuqala emazweni amathathu: eyokuqala ezindaweni ezigciniwe, ibalwa cishe ngama-23%;Umphumela ungowokuqala, uhlanganisa amaphesenti angama-80 kuya kwangama-90 ezinto zomhlaba eziyivelakancane;Ivolumu yokuthengisa ingeyokuqala, ngama-60% kuya ku-70% wemikhiqizo yomhlaba eyivelakancane ethunyelwa phesheya.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-China ukuphela kwezwe elinganikeza zonke izinhlobo ezingu-17 zezinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile, ikakhulukazi ezimaphakathi nezisindayo.imihlaba engavamilengokusetshenziswa okuvelele kwezempi.Isabelo seShayina siyathandeka.
Remhlabeniiwumthombo obalulekile wamasu, owaziwa ngokuthi "i-industrial monosodium glutamate" kanye "nomama wezinto ezintsha", futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi kwezesayensi nezobuchwepheshe nezimboni zezempi.Ngokusho koMnyango Wezimboni Nobuchwepheshe Bolwazi, izinto ezisebenzayo ezifanaumhlaba ongavamileuzibuthe unomphela, i-luminescence, isitoreji se-hydrogen kanye ne-catalysis sekuphenduke izinto zokusetshenziswa ezingabalulekile ezimbonini zobuchwepheshe obuphambili njengokukhiqiza imishini ethuthukisiwe, amandla amasha nezimboni ezisafufusa. izimboni, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo, ezolimo nokunye..
Kusukela ngo-1983, iJapan yethula uhlelo lwamasu lokugcina amaminerali angavamile, kanye nama-83% wasekhaya.imihlaba engavamileuvela eChina.
Bheka i-United States futhi, yayoumhlaba ongavamileizindawo zokugcina zingeyesibili kuphela eChina, kodwa yayoimihlaba engavamilezonke ziyakhanyaimihlaba engavamile, ezihlukaniswe zibe nzimaimihlaba engavamilekanye nomhlaba okhanyayo ongavamile.Kunzimaimihlaba engavamilezibiza kakhulu, futhi imihlaba ekhanyayo engavamile ayinayo imali kweyami, ephendulwe yaba mbumbuluumhlaba ongavamiles ngabantu embonini.I-80% yase-USumhlaba ongavamileimpahla evela eChina.
UComrade Deng Xiaoping wake wathi: “Kukhona uwoyela eMpumalanga Ephakathi futhiimihlaba engavamileeShayina." Okushiwo amazwi akhe kuyabonakala. Umhlaba ongavamile awuyona nje kuphela "MSG" edingekayo ye-1/5 yemikhiqizo yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu emhlabeni, kodwa futhi i-bargaining chip enamandla ye-China etafuleni lokuxoxisana emhlabeni. Ikusasa Vikela futhi usebenzise ngokwesayensiumhlaba ongavamileizinsiza, Sekuyisu likazwelonke elibizwe abantu abaningi abanemibono ephakeme eminyakeni yamuva nje ukuvimbela okuyiguguumhlaba ongavamileizinsiza ezivela ekuthengisweni ngokungaboni futhi zithunyelwe emazweni asentshonalanga.Ngo-1992, u-Deng Xiaoping wasichaza ngokusobala isimo saseChina njengesikhuluumhlaba ongavamileizwe.
Uhlu lokusetshenziswa kwemihlaba eyi-17 eyivelakancane
1.i-lanthanumisetshenziswa ezintweni ze-alloy namafilimu ezolimo
2.I-Ceriumisetshenziswa kakhulu engilazini yemoto
3 i-praseodymiumisetshenziswa kabanzi ezitsheni ze-ceramic
4.I-Neodymiumisetshenziswa kabanzi ezintweni ze-aerospace
5 .I-Promethium inikeza amandla asizayo kumasathelayithi
6.Ukusebenza kweSamariumku-Atomic Energy Reactor
7Europiumukukhiqiza amalensi kanye nezibonisi zekristalu eliwuketshezi
8.I-Gadoliniumukuze uthole i-imaging magnetic resonance yezokwelapha
9.I-Terbiumisetshenziswa kusilawuli samaphiko endiza
10.I-Erbiumisetshenziswa ku-laser rangefinder ezindabeni zempi
11.I-Dysprosiumisetshenziswa njengomthombo wokukhanyisa wefilimu nokuphrinta
12 .I-Holmiumisetshenziselwa ukwenza amadivaysi okuxhumana okubona
13 .Thuliumisetshenziselwa ukuxilongwa komtholampilo kanye nokwelashwa kwezimila
14.I-Ytterbiumisithasiselo sesici senkumbulo yekhompyutha
15.Ukusetshenziswa kwei-lutetiumkubuchwepheshe bebhethri lamandla
16.I-Yttriumyenza izintambo kanye nezingxenye zamandla ezindiza
17.I-Scandiumngokuvamile isetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-alloys
Imininingwane imi kanje:
1
I-Lanthanum(LA)
Ku-Gulf War, idivayisi yombono wasebusuku ngeumhlaba ongavamileisicii-lanthanumyaba umthombo omkhulu wamathangi ase-US.Isithombe esingenhla siyakhombisai-lanthanum chloridepowder (Imephu yedatha)
I-Lanthanumisetshenziswa kabanzi ezintweni ze-piezoelectric, izinto ze-electrothermal, izinto zikagesi ezishisayo, izinto ze-magnetoresistive, izinto ze-luminescent (impushana eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka), izinto zokugcina i-hydrogen, ingilazi yokubona, izinto ze-laser, izinto ezahlukahlukene ze-alloy, njll.I-Lanthanumibuye isetshenziswe kuma-catalysts ukulungiswa kwemikhiqizo eminingi yamakhemikhali ephilayo, ososayensi baqambe igamai-lanthanum"i-super calcium" ngomphumela wayo ezitshalweni.
2
I-Cerium(CE)
I-Ceriumingasetshenziswa njenge-catalyst, i-arc electrode kanye nengilazi ekhethekile.Ingxube ye-ceriumimelana nokushisa okuphezulu futhi ingasetshenziswa ukwenza izingxenye ze-jet propulsion (Imephu yedatha)
(1)I-Cerium, njengesengezo sengilazi, ingakwazi ukumunca imisebe ye-ultraviolet kanye ne-infrared, futhi iye yasetshenziswa kakhulu engilazini yemoto.Ayikwazi nje ukuvimbela imisebe ye-ultraviolet, kodwa futhi yehlise izinga lokushisa ngaphakathi kwemoto, ukuze yonge ugesi ukuze ifake umoya.Kusukela ngo-1997 , i-ceria yengezwe kuyo yonke ingilazi yezimoto e-Japan.Ngo-1996, kwasetshenziswa okungenani amathani angu-2000 e-ceria engilazini yemoto, namathani angaphezu kuka-1000 e-United States.
(2) Okwamanje,i-ceriumisetshenziswa emshinini wokuhlanzwa kokukhipha umoya wezimoto, okungavimbela ngempumelelo inani elikhulu legesi ekhipha umoya wezimoto ukuthi lingakhishelwa emoyeni.Ukusetshenziswa kweI-Ceriume-United States kubalwa ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yengqikithi yokusetshenziswaumhlaba ongavamile.
(3) I-Cerium sulfide ingasetshenziswa ekwenzeni izingulube esikhundleni somthofu, i-cadmium nezinye izinsimbi eziyingozi emvelweni nakubantu.Ingasetshenziselwa ukufaka imibala kumapulasitiki, okokuhlanganisa, izimboni zeyinki nezephepha.Okwamanje, inkampani ehamba phambili yi-French Rhone Planck.
(4) CE: Isistimu ye-laser ye-LiSAF iyi-laser yesimo esiqinile eyakhiwe yi-United States.Ingasetshenziswa ukuthola izikhali zebhayoloji nemithi ngokuqapha ukugcwala kwe-tryptophan.I-Ceriumisetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni eminingi.Cishe zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza zomhlaba ezingavamile ziqukethei-cerium.Okufana nempushana yokupholisha, izinto zokugcina i-hydrogen, izinto ezisebenza ngogesi we-thermoelectric,i-ceriumama-electrode e-tungsten, ama-capacitor e-ceramic, ama-piezoelectric ceramics,i-cerium i-silicon carbideama-abrasives, izinto zokusetshenziswa zamangqamuzana kaphethiloli, ama-catalyst kaphethiloli, ezinye izinto ezihlala unomphela kazibuthe, izinsimbi ezihlukahlukene ze-alloy nezinsimbi ezingenayo insimbi.
3
I-Praseodymium(PR)
Ingxubevange ye-Praseodymium neodymium
(1)I-Praseodymiumisetshenziswa kabanzi ekwakheni izitsha zobumba nezitsha zobumba ezisetshenziswa nsuku zonke.Ingaxutshwa ne-ceramic glaze ukwenza umbala ocwebezelayo, futhi ingasetshenziswa njenge-pigment engaphansi.I-pigment iphuzi ngokukhanyayo nombala ohlanzekile nonhle.
(2) Isetshenziselwa ukwakha ozibuthe baphakade.Ukusebenzisa ezishibhilei-praseodymiumfuthiinsimbi ye-neodymiumesikhundleni sikaHlangaInsimbi ye-Neodymiumukwenza izinto ezihlala unomphela zikazibuthe, ukumelana komoya-mpilo kanye nezakhiwo zemishini ngokusobala ziyathuthukiswa, futhi zingacutshungulwa zibe yizibuthe ezinobunjwa obuhlukahlukene.Isetshenziswa kabanzi kumishini kagesi ehlukahlukene kanye namamotho.
(3) Isetshenziswa ku-petroleum catalytic cracking.Umsebenzi, ukukhetha kanye nokuzinza kwe-catalyst kungathuthukiswa ngokungeza okunothisiwe.i-praseodymiumfuthii-neodymiumku-Y zeolite isisefo samangqamuzana ukuze kulungiswe i-petroleum cracking catalyst.I-China yaqala ukusetshenziswa ezimbonini ngawo-1970, futhi ukusetshenziswa kuyanda.
(4)I-Praseodymiumingabuye isetshenziselwe ukupholisha abrasive.Ngaphezu kwalokho,i-praseodymiumisetshenziswa kabanzi emkhakheni we-fiber optical.
4
I-Neodymium(nd)
Kungani kungatholwa ithangi le-M1 kuqala?Ithangi lifakwe i-Nd: YAG laser rangefinder, engafinyelela ibanga elicishe libe ngamamitha angu-4000 emini ecacile (Imephu yedatha)
Ngokuzalwa kukai-praseodymium,i-neodymiumkwaba khona.Ukufika kwe-neodymium kwenze i-umhlaba ongavamilefield, wadlala indima ebalulekile emkhakheni ongavamile emhlabeni, futhi waba nomthelelaumhlaba ongavamileimakethe.
I-Neodymiumisibe yindawo eshisayo emakethe iminyaka eminingi ngenxa yesikhundla sayo esiyingqayizivele emkhakheni weimihlaba engavamile.Umsebenzisi omkhulu weinsimbi ye-neodymiumkuyinto NdFeB unomphela uzibuthe impahla.Ukufika kukazibuthe we-NdFeB unomphela kufake ubungqabavu obusha emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe obuphezulu obungavamile.Uzibuthe we-NdFeB ubizwa ngokuthi "inkosi yamazibuthe unomphela" ngenxa yomkhiqizo wawo onamandla kazibuthe.Isetshenziswa kabanzi kwezobuchwepheshe, imishini nezinye izimboni ngokusebenza kwayo okuhle kakhulu.Ukuthuthukiswa okuyimpumelelo kwe-Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer kukhombisa ukuthi izakhiwo kazibuthe ze-NdFeB magnetic in China zingene ezingeni lomhlaba.Neodymium is iphinde isetshenziswe ezintweni ezingezona insimbi.Ukwengeza u-1.5-2.5% we-neodymium ku-magnesium noma ingxubevange ye-aluminium kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, ukucinana komoya kanye nokungagqwali kwengxubevange.Kusetshenziswa kakhulu njengezinto ezisetshenziswa emkhathini.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet ikhiqiza i-laser beam short-wave, esetshenziswa kakhulu ekushiseleni nasekusikeni izinto ezincane ezinogqinsi olungaphansi kuka-10mm embonini.Ekwelashweni, i-Nd: I-LAG ye-LAG isetshenziselwa ukususa ukuhlinzwa noma ukukhipha amagciwane amanxeba esikhundleni se-scalpel.I-Neodymiumiphinde isetshenziselwe ukufaka imibala ingilazi nezinto zobumba kanye njengesengezo semikhiqizo yenjoloba.
5
I-Promethium (Pm)
I-Promethium i-radioactive element yokwenziwa ekhiqizwa ama-reactors enuzi (imephu yedatha)
(1) Ingasetshenziswa njengomthombo wokushisa.Nikeza amandla asizayo okuthola i-vacuum nesathelayithi yokwenziwa.
(2)I-Pm147 ikhipha ama-β-ray angamandla amancane, angasetshenziswa ukwenza amabhethri esimbali.Njengokunikezwa kwamandla kwezinsimbi zokuqondisa ezicitshwayo namawashi.Lolu hlobo lwebhethri luncane ngosayizi futhi lungasetshenziswa ngokuqhubekayo iminyaka embalwa.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-promethium iphinde isetshenziswe ensimbi ephathekayo ye-X-ray, ukulungiswa kwe-phosphor, ukukala ukushuba kanye nesibani sebhekhoni.
6
Samarium(Sm)
Metal samarium(imephu yedatha)
Smiphuzi ngokukhanyayo, futhi iyimpahla engavuthiwe kazibuthe ongapheli we-Sm-Co, futhi uzibuthe we-Sm-Co uwuzibuthe wokuqala ongandile womhlaba owasetshenziswa embonini.Kunezinhlobo ezimbili odonsa unomphela: SmCo5 uhlelo kanye Sm2Co17 uhlelo.Ekuqaleni kwawo-1970, kwasungulwa uhlelo lwe-SmCo5, futhi uhlelo lwe-Sm2Co17 lwasungulwa esikhathini esizayo.Manje isidingo salokhu sakamuva sinikezwa kuqala.Ubumsulwa bei-samarium oxideesetshenziswa kusamariumI-cobalt uzibuthe akudingeki ibe phezulu kakhulu.Uma kucatshangelwa izindleko, Ikakhulukazi kusetshenziswa imikhiqizo engaba ngu-95%.Ngaphezu kwalokho,i-samarium oxideibuye isetshenziswe kuma-capacitor e-ceramic kanye nama-catalysts.Ngaphezu kwalokho,samariuminezinto zenuzi, ezingasetshenziswa njengezinto zesakhiwo, izinto ezivikelayo kanye nezinto zokulawula zamareactor amandla e-athomu, ukuze amandla amakhulu akhiqizwa ukuqhekeka kwe-nuclear angasetshenziswa ngokuphepha.
7
Europium(Eu)
I-Europium oxideimpushana (imephu yedatha)
I-Europium oxideisetshenziswa kakhulu kumaphosphors (imephu yedatha)
Ngo-1901, u-Eugene-Antole uDemarcay wathola into entsha evela ku- "samarium", okuthiwaEuropium.Lokhu cishe kuqanjwe ngegama elithi Europe.I-Europium oxideisetshenziswa kakhulu ku-fluorescent powder.I-Eu3+ isetshenziswa njenge-activator ye-phosphor ebomvu, futhi i-Eu2+ isetshenziswa njenge-phosphor eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.Manje i-Y2O2S:I-Eu3+ iyi-phosphor engcono kakhulu ekusebenzeni kahle okukhanyayo, ukuqina kokumboza kanye nezindleko zokugaywa kabusha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isetshenziswa kabanzi ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obunjengokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle okukhanyayo nokugqama.I-Europium oxideiye yasetshenziswa futhi njenge-phosphor evuselelwe yokukhishwa kwesistimu entsha yokuxilongwa kwe-X-ray eminyakeni yamuva nje.I-Europium oxideingaphinda isetshenziselwe ukukhiqiza amalensi anemibala nezihlungi zamehlo, kumadivayisi wokugcinwa kwebhamuza kazibuthe,Ingaphinda ikhombise amathalente ayo ezintweni zokulawula, izinto zokuvikela kanye nezinto zokwakha zama-reactors e-athomu.
8
I-Gadolinium(Gd)
I-Gadoliniumfuthi ama-isotopes ayo ayizinqamuleli ze-neutron ezisebenza kahle kakhulu futhi zingasetshenziswa njengezinqamuleli zama-nuclear reactor.(imephu yedatha)
(1) I-paramagnetic complex encibilikayo emanzini ingathuthukisa isignali yokucabanga ye-NMR yomzimba womuntu ekwelashweni.
(2) I-sulphur oxide yayo ingasetshenziswa njengegridi ye-matrix ye-oscilloscope tube kanye nesikrini se-X-ray esinokukhanya okukhethekile.
(3)I-Gadolinium in I-GadoliniumI-Gallium Garnet iyindawo eyodwa ekahle yenkumbulo yebhamuza.
(4) Ingasetshenziswa njengesiqandisi esiqinile kazibuthe ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa komjikelezo weCamot.
(5) Isetshenziswa njengesivimbeli ukulawula izinga lokusabela kweketango lezimboni zamandla enuzi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kokusabela kwenuzi.
(6) Isetshenziswa njengesengezo sesamariumcobalt uzibuthe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukusebenza akushintshi lokushisa.
9
I-Terbium(Tb)
I-Terbium oxideimpushana (imephu yedatha)
Ukusetshenziswa kwei-terbiumikakhulukazi kuhilela umkhakha wobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, okuyiphrojekthi esezingeni eliphezulu enobuchwepheshe obujulile nolwazi olujulile, kanye nephrojekthi enezinzuzo eziphawulekayo zezomnotho, namathemba entuthuko akhangayo.
(1) Ama-Phosphor asetshenziswa njengezicishazi zempushana eluhlaza ku-tricolor phosphors, njenge-terbium-activated phosphate matrix, i-terbium-activated silicate matrix kanyei-terbium-icushiwe i-cerium-magnesium aluminate matrix, yonke ekhipha ukukhanya okuluhlaza esimweni senjabulo.
(2) Izinto zokugcina kazibuthe.Eminyakeni yamuva, izinto ze-terbium magneto-optical ziye zafinyelela esikalini sokukhiqiza ngobuningi.Ama-Magneto-optical discs enziwe ngamafilimu e-Tb-Fe amorphous asetshenziswa njengezinto zokugcina ikhompyutha, futhi umthamo wokugcina ukhuphuka izikhathi ezingu-10 ~ 15.
(3) Ingilazi ye-Magneto-optical,i-terbium-equkethe ingilazi ye-Faraday ejikelezayo iyinto ebalulekile yokukhiqiza ama-rotator, ama-isolator nama-annulators asetshenziswa kakhulu kubuchwepheshe be-laser.Ikakhulukazi, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-TerFenol kuye kwavula uhlelo olusha lwe-Terfenol, okuyingxenye entsha etholwe kuma-1970s.Ingxenye yale alloy iqukethei-terbiumfuthii-dysprosium, ngezinye izikhathi ngei-holmiumkanti okunye kuyinsimbi.Ingxubevange yaqalwa ngabakwa-Ames Laboratory e-Iowa, e-USA.Uma i-Terfenol ibekwe endaweni kazibuthe, ubukhulu bayo bushintsha kakhulu kunobuzibuthe obujwayelekile, obungenza ukunyakaza okuqondile kwemishini kwenzeke.I-Terbium dysprosium iron isetshenziswa kakhulu ku-sonar ekuqaleni, futhi iye yasetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni eminingi okwamanje.Kusuka ohlelweni lomjovo kaphethiloli, ukulawulwa kwevalvu ewuketshezi, ukubekwa kwe-micro-positioning, kuya kuma-actuator emishini, izinqubo kanye nezilawuli zamaphiko zezibonakude zezindiza.
10
I-Dysprosium(Dy)
I-Metal Dysprosium(imephu yedatha)
(1) Njengesengezo sikamazibuthe we-NdFeB unomphela, wengeza mayelana ne-2 ~ 3%i-dysprosiumkule kazibuthe ingathuthukisa amandla ayo okuphoqa.Esikhathini esidlule, isidingo sokubai-dysprosiumlalingelikhulu, kodwa ngesidingo esandayo sikamazibuthe NdFeB, kwaba into edingekayo addetive, futhi grade kumele cishe 95~99.9%, futhi isidingo futhi anda ngokushesha.
(2)I-Dysprosiumisetshenziswa njenge-activator ye-phosphor.I-Trivalenti-dysprosiumiyiyoni ethembisayo eyenza kusebenze izinto ze-tricolor luminescent ezinesikhungo esisodwa se-luminescent.Ikakhulukazi iqukethe amabhendi amabili e-emission, eyodwa i-yellow light emission, enye i-blue light emission.Izinto ze-luminescent zihlanganiswei-dysprosiumingasetshenziswa njenge-phosphors ye-tricolor.
(3)I-Dysprosiumiyinsimbi edingekayo yezinto zokusetshenziswa zokulungiselela i-Terfenol ingxubevange ku-magnetostrictive alloy, engakwazi ukubona imisebenzi ethile eqondile yokunyakaza kwemishini.
(4)I-Dysprosium yensimbiingasetshenziswa njengento yokugcina i-magneto-optical enesivinini esikhulu sokurekhoda nokuzwela kokufunda.
(5) Isetshenziswa ekulungiselelenii-dysprosiumizibani, into esebenzayo esetshenziswa kuyoi-dysprosiumizibani ziyi-iodide ye-dysprosium, enezinzuzo zokukhanya okuphezulu, umbala omuhle, izinga lokushisa lombala ophezulu, usayizi omncane, i-arc ezinzile njalonjalo, futhi isetshenziswe njengomthombo wokukhanyisa ifilimu nokunyathelisa.
(6)I-Dysprosiumisetshenziselwa ukukala i-neutron energy spectrum noma njengesimunyisi neutron embonini yamandla e-athomu ngenxa yendawo yayo enkulu yokuthwebula i-neutron enqamula izingxenye.
(7) I-Dy3Al5O12 ingasetshenziswa futhi njengento yokusebenza kazibuthe yesiqandisi kazibuthe.Ngokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, izinkambu zesicelo zei-dysprosiumizonwetshwa ngokuqhubekayo futhi inwetshwe.
11
I-Holmium(Ho)
Ingxubevange ye-Ho-Fe(imephu yedatha)
Njengamanje, inkambu yokufaka insimbi idinga ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo, futhi ukusetshenziswa akukukhulu kakhulu.Muva nje, iUmhlaba ongavamileI-Research Institute of Baotou Steel yamukele izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuhlanza i-vacuum distillation ephezulu, futhi yathuthukisa insimbi ehlanzekile kakhulu i-Qin Ho/>RE>99.9% enokuqukethwe okuphansi kokungewonaumhlaba ongavamileukungcola.
Okwamanje, ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwezingidi yizi:
(1) Njengesengezo sesibani se-halogen sensimbi, isibani se-halogen sensimbi siwuhlobo lwesibani sokukhipha igesi, esakhiwa ngesisekelo sesibani se-mercury esinengcindezi ephezulu, futhi isici saso ukuthi isibani sigcwele izinto ezihlukahlukene.inhlabathi engavamileh halide.Njengamanje, iodide yomhlaba engavamile isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko, ekhipha imigqa ye-spectral ehlukene lapho igesi iphuma.Into esebenzayo esetshenziswa esibani sensimbi yi-qiniodide, ukugcwala okuphezulu kwama-athomu ensimbi kungatholakala endaweni ye-arc, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukise kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kwemisebe.
(2) I-ayoni ingasetshenziswa njengesengezo sokuqopha insimbi noma i-aluminium garnet eyibhiliyoni
(3) I-Khin-doped aluminium garnet (Ho: YAG) ingakhipha i-laser engu-2um, futhi izinga lokumuncwa le-laser engu-2um ngezicubu zomuntu liphezulu, cishe ama-oda amathathu obukhulu angaphezulu kwalawo e-Hd: YAG.Ngakho-ke, uma usebenzisa i-Ho: YAG laser ekusebenzeni kwezokwelapha, ayikwazi nje ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nokunemba, kodwa futhi yehlise indawo yomonakalo oshisayo ibe usayizi omncane.I-beam yamahhala ekhiqizwa i-crystal yokukhiya ingaqeda amafutha ngaphandle kokukhiqiza ukushisa ngokweqile, Ukuze unciphise umonakalo oshisayo ezicutshini ezinempilo, kubikwa ukuthi ukwelashwa kwe-w-laser kwe-glaucoma e-United States kunganciphisa ubuhlungu bokuhlinzwa. ye-2um laser crystal e-China isifinyelele ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukuthuthukisa nokukhiqiza lolu hlobo lwe-laser crystal.
(4) Inani elincane le-Cr lingangezwa futhi ku-magnetostrictive alloy Terfenol-D ukunciphisa inkambu yangaphandle edingekayo ukuze kugcwaliswe kazibuthe.
(5) Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-iron doped fiber ingasetshenziswa ukwenza i-fiber laser, i-fiber amplifier, inzwa ye-fiber kanye namanye amadivaysi okuxhumana optical, okuzodlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekukhulumisaneni okusheshayo kwe-fiber optical yanamuhla.
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I-Erbium(ER)
I-Erbium oxidepowder (ishadi lolwazi)
(1) Ukukhishwa kokukhanya kwe-Er3 + ku-1550nm kubaluleke ngokukhethekile, ngoba le wavelength itholakala ekulahlekeni okuphansi kwe-fiber optical ekuxhumaneni kwe-fiber optical.Ngemva kokujatshuliswa ukukhanya okungu-980nm no-1480nm, i-bait ion (Er3 +) isuka endaweni ephansi engu-4115 / 2 iye endaweni yamandla aphezulu engu-4I13 / 2. Uma i-Er3 + esesimweni esinamandla amakhulu ishintsha ibuyela esimweni esiphansi, ikhipha ukukhanya okungu-1550nm.I-quartz fiber ingadlulisa ukukhanya kwamaza ahlukene, nokho, izinga lokunciphisa i-optical le-1550nm band liphansi kakhulu (0.15 dB / km), cishe izinga eliphansi lokunciphisa umkhawulo. isetshenziswa njengokukhanya kwesignali ku-1550 nm. Ngale ndlela, uma ukuhlushwa okufanele kwe-bait kuxubene ku-matrix efanele, i-amplifier ingakhokhela ukulahlekelwa ohlelweni lokuxhumana ngokuvumelana nesimiso se-laser, Ngakho-ke, kunethiwekhi yokuxhumana idinga ukukhulisa isignali ye-1550nm ye-optical, i-bait doped fiber amplifier iyidivayisi ebalulekile yokubona.Njengamanje, i-bait doped silica fiber amplifier seyenziwe ukuhweba.Kubikwa ukuthi ukuze ugweme ukumuncwa okungenamsebenzi, inani elihlanganisiwe ku-fiber optical ngamashumi kuya kumakhulu we-ppm.Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kokuxhumana kwe-fiber optical kuzovula izinkambu ezintsha zokufaka isicelo. .
(2) (2) Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-laser doped crystal crystal kanye ne-laser engu-1730nm ephumayo kanye ne-1550nm laser kuphephile emehlweni abantu, ukusebenza kahle kokudluliswa kwe-atmospheric, amandla okungena aqinile entuthu yempi, ukuvikeleka okuhle, akulula ukubonwa isitha, futhi umehluko wemisebe yezinhloso zezempi mkhulu.Yenziwe i-laser rangefinder ephathekayo ephephile emehlweni abantu ekusetshenzisweni kwezempi.
(3) (3) I-Er3 + ingangezwa engilazini ukuze kwenziwe into engavamile yelaser yengilazi yomhlaba, okuwumsebenzi welaser oqinile onamandla amakhulu okukhipha i-pulse namandla okukhipha aphezulu kakhulu.
(4) I-Er3 + ingasetshenziswa futhi njenge-ion esebenzayo kuumhlaba ongavamileupconversion laser izinto.
(5) (5) Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-bait ingabuye isetshenziselwe ukukhipha umbala kanye nemibala yengilazi yengilazi kanye nengilazi yekristalu.
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Thulium(TM)
Ngemva kokukhanyiswa esikhunjeni senuzi,thuliumikhiqiza i-isotopu engakhipha i-X-ray, engasetshenziswa njengomthombo we-X-ray ophathwayo (Imephu yedatha)
(1)Thuliumisetshenziswa njengomthombo we-ray womshini we-X-ray ophathwayo.Ngemva kokukhanyiswa ku-reactor yenuzi, i-TM ikhiqiza uhlobo lwe-isotope olungakhipha i-X-ray, engasetshenziswa ukwenza i-irradiator yegazi ephathekayo.Lolu hlobo lwe-radiometer lungashintsha u-yu-169 lube ngu-TM-170 ngaphansi kwesenzo se-beam ephezulu naphakathi, futhi lukhiphe i-X-ray ukuze lukhanyise igazi futhi lwehlise amaseli amhlophe egazi.Yilawa mangqamuzana egazi amhlophe abangela ukwenqatshwa kokufakelwa izitho zomzimba, Ukuze kuncishiswe ukwenqatshwa kwezitho kusenesikhathi.
(2) (2)Thuliumingasetshenziswa futhi ekuxilongeni nasekwelapheni kwesimila ngenxa yokuhlobana kwayo okuphezulu nezicubu zesimila, umhlaba osindayo ongavamile uhambisana kakhulu kunokukhanya.umhlaba ongavamile, ikakhulukazi ukuhlobana kwe-Yu kukhulu kakhulu.
(3) (3) I-X-ray sensitizer Laobr: br (blue) isetshenziswa njenge-activator ku-phosphor yesikrini se-X-ray sensitization ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuzwela kokubona, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphise ukuchayeka kanye nokulimala kwe-X-ray kubantu× Umthamo wemisebe ngu-50%, enokubaluleka okusebenzayo okubalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwezokwelapha.
(4) (4) Isibani sensimbi se-halide singasetshenziswa njengesengezo emthonjeni wokukhanyisa omusha.
(5) (5) I-Tm3 + ingangezwa engilazini ukuze kwenziwe into engavamile yelaza yengilazi yomhlaba, okuwumsebenzi we-laser wesimo esiqinile esinomshini wokushaya umoya omkhulu kakhulu namandla okukhipha aphezulu kakhulu. I-Tm3 + ingasetshenziswa futhi njenge-ion yokwenza kusebenze yezinto ezingavamile zokuguqulwa kwe-laser emhlabeni.
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I-Ytterbium(Yb)
Insimbi ye-Ytterbium(imephu yedatha)
(1) Njengezinto zokuvikela ezishisayo. Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi isibuko singathuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala kwe-electrodeposited zinc coating ngokusobala, futhi usayizi wokusanhlamvu wokumboza ngesibuko mncane kunalowo wokumboza ngaphandle kwesibuko.
(2) Njengezinto ezisebenza ngozibuthe.Le nto inezici ze-magnetostriction enkulu, okungukuthi, ukwanda endaweni kazibuthe.Ingxubevange ikakhulukazi yakhiwe ngesibuko / ingxubevange ye-ferrite ne-dysprosium / ferrite alloy, futhi ingxenye ethile ye-manganese iyengezwa ukuze kukhiqizwe. i-magnetostriction enkulu.
(3) Isici sesibuko esisetshenziselwa ukukala ingcindezi.Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi ukuzwela kwesici sesibuko kuphezulu ebangeni lokucindezela elilinganiselwe, okuvula indlela entsha yokusetshenziswa kwesibuko esilinganisweni sokucindezela.
(4) Ukugcwaliswa okusekelwe kunhlaka kwezimbotshana zomhlathi ukuze kuthathelwe indawo i-amalgam esiliva eyayivame ukusetshenziswa esikhathini esidlule.
(5) Izazi zaseJapane ziqede ngempumelelo ukulungiswa kwelaser ye-waveguide laser ene-doped vanadium baht garnet, ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe be-laser.Ngaphezu kwalokho, isibuko siphinde sisetshenziselwe i-fluorescent powder activator, i-ceramics yomsakazo, i-electronic computer memory element (bubble magnetic) additive, glass fiber flux kanye ne-optical glass additive, njll.
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I-Lutetium(Lu)
I-Lutetium oxideimpushana (imephu yedatha)
I-Yttrium lutetium silicate crystal (imephu yedatha)
(1) yenza ama-alloys akhethekile.Isibonelo, i-lutetium aluminium alloy ingasetshenziselwa ukuhlaziywa kwe-neutron activation.
(2) Izinzilei-lutetiumama-nuclide adlala indima enkulu ekuqhekekeni kwe-petroleum, i-alkylation, i-hydrogenation kanye ne-polymerization.
(3) Ukwengezwa kwe-yttrium iron noma i-yttrium aluminium garnet kungathuthukisa ezinye izakhiwo.
(4) Izinto zokusetshenziswa zebhamuza kazibuthe reservoir.
(5) Ikristalu esebenzayo eyinhlanganisela, i-lutetium-doped aluminium yttrium neodymium tetraborate, ingeyomkhakha wezobuchwepheshe wokukhula kwekristalu okupholisa isixazululo sikasawoti.Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi i-lutetium-doped NYAB crystal iphakeme kune-NYAB crystal ngokufana kokubona nokusebenza kwe-laser.
(6) Kutholakale ukuthii-lutetiuminezinhlelo zokusebenza ezingase zibe khona ekubonisweni kwe-electrochromic kanye nama-semiconductors e-molecule ye-low-dimensional.Ngaphezu kwalokho,i-lutetiumisetshenziswa futhi kubuchwepheshe bebhethri lamandla kanye ne-activator ye-phosphor.
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I-Yttrium(y)
I-Yttriumisetshenziswa kabanzi, i-yttrium aluminium garnet ingasetshenziswa njengezinto ze-laser, i-yttrium iron garnet isetshenziselwa ubuchwepheshe be-microwave kanye nokudluliswa kwamandla acoustic, kanye ne-europium-doped yttrium vanadate kanye ne-europium-dopedi-yttrium oxideasetshenziswa njengama-phosphor kumasethi we-TV enemibala.(imephu yedatha)
(1) Izithasiselo zensimbi kanye nezingxubevange ezingenayo insimbi.Ingxubevange ye-FeCr ngokuvamile iqukethe u-0.5-4%i-yttrium, okungathuthukisa ukumelana ne-oxidation kanye ne-ductility yalezi zinsimbi ezingenasici;Izakhiwo eziphelele ze-MB26 alloy ngokusobala zithuthukisiwe ngokwengeza inani elifanele lokuxutshwa kwe-yttrium-richumhlaba ongavamile, okungase kuthathelwe indawo amanye ama-alloys aqinile amaphakathi futhi asetshenziswe ezingxenyeni ezigcizelelwe zendiza.Ukwengeza inani elincane le-yttrium-richumhlaba ongavamileku-Al-Zr alloy, I-conductivity yaleyo ngxube ingaba ngcono;Ingxubevange yamukelwe amafekthri amaningi ezintambo eChina.Ukwengeza i-yttrium ku-alloy yethusi kuthuthukisa ukusebenza namandla okusebenza.
(2) Izinto zobumba ze-silicon nitride eziqukethe u-6%i-yttriumfuthi i-aluminium engu-2% ingasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa izingxenye zenjini.
(3) I-Nd: Y: Al: I-Garnet laser beam enamandla angama-watts angu-400 isetshenziselwa ukubhola, ukusika nokushisela izingxenye ezinkulu.
(4) Isikrini se-electron microscope esakhiwe ngekristalu eyodwa ye-Y-Al garnet sinokukhanya okuphezulu kwe-fluorescence, ukumuncwa okuphansi kokukhanya okuhlakazekile, nokumelana okuhle kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu nokumelana nokugqokwa kwemishini.
(5) Phezului-yttriumingxubevange yesakhiwo equkethe 90% yttrium ingasetshenziswa ezindizeni nakwezinye izindawo ezidinga ukuminyana okuphansi nendawo yokuncibilika ephezulu.
(6) I-Yttrium-doped SrZrO3 high-temperature proton conductive material, edonsa ukunaka okukhulu okwamanje, ibaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwamaseli kaphethiloli, amaseli e-electrolytic nezinzwa zegesi ezidinga ukunyibilika kwe-hydrogen okuphezulu.Ngaphezu kwalokho,i-yttriumiphinde isetshenziswe njengento yokufafaza enezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, isihlambululi sikaphethiloli we-atomic reactor, isithasiselo sezinto ezisetshenziswa kazibuthe unomphela, kanye ne-getter embonini yezogesi.
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I-Scandium(Sc)
Metal scandium(imephu yedatha)
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezakhi ze-yttrium ne-lanthanide, i-scandium inobubanzi obuncane be-ionic kanye ne-alkalinity ebuthakathaka ikakhulukazi ye-hydroxide.Ngakho-ke, niniscandiumfuthi izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile zihlanganiswe ndawonye,scandiumizokwehla kuqala uma iphathwa nge-ammonia (noma i-alkali ehlanjululwe kakhulu), ngakho-ke ingahlukaniswa kalulaumhlaba ongavamileama-elementi ngendlela ye-"fractional precipitation".Enye indlela ukusebenzisa i-polarization decomposition of nitrate for separation.Scandium nitrate iyona elula kakhulu ukubola, ngaleyo ndlela ifinyelele injongo yokuhlukana.
I-Sc ingatholwa nge-electrolysis.I-ScCl3, i-KCl ne-LiCl ziyancibilika ngesikhathi sokucwengwa kwe-scandium, futhi i-zinc encibilikisiwe isetshenziswa njenge-cathode ye-electrolysis, ukuzescandiumidonswa ku-zinc electrode, bese i-zinc iyahwamuka ukuze itholescandium.Ngaphezu kwalokho,scandiumitholakala kalula lapho icutshungulwa i-ore ukuze ikhiqize i-uranium, i-thorium ne-lanthanide izakhi.Ukubuyiselwa okuphelele kokuhambisanascandiumkusuka ku-tungsten ne-tin ore nakho kungenye yemithombo ebalulekile yescandium.I-Scandiumisesimweni se-trivalent ku-compound, efakwa kalula kwi-oxidizedI-Sc2O3emoyeni futhi ilahlekelwa ukucwebezela kwayo kwensimbi bese iphenduka ibe mpunga obumnyama.
Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwescandiumyilezi:
(1)I-Scandiumingasabela ngamanzi ashisayo ukuze ikhiphe i-hydrogen, futhi iphinde inyibilike ku-asidi, ngakho iyi-ejenti yokunciphisa enamandla.
(2)I-Scandium oxidefuthi i-hydroxide ine-alkaline kuphela, kodwa umlotha wawo kasawoti awukwazi ukukhishwa nge-hydrolyzed.I-Scandium chloride iyikristalu emhlophe, encibilika emanzini futhi i-deliquescent emoyeni.
(3) Embonini yensimbi,scandiumivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-alloys (izithasiselo zama-alloys) ukuthuthukisa amandla, ubulukhuni, ukumelana nokushisa nokusebenza kwama-alloys.Ngokwesibonelo, ukwengeza inani elincanescandiumukuze insimbi encibilikisiwe ingathuthukisa kakhulu izakhiwo zensimbi ekhonjiwe, kuyilapho ingeza inani elincanescandiumku-aluminium kungathuthukisa amandla ayo nokumelana nokushisa.
(4) Embonini ye-elekthronikhi,scandiumingasetshenziswa njengamadivayisi ahlukahlukene we-semiconductor.Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-scandium sulfite kuma-semiconductors kuye kwaheha ukunaka ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, kanye ne-ferrite equkethe.scandiumiyathembisa futhi kuma-computer magnetic cores.
(5) Embonini yamakhemikhali,scandiumi-compound isetshenziswa njenge-alcohol dehydrogenation kanye ne-ejenti yokuqeda amanzi emzimbeni, okuyi-catalyst ephumelelayo yokukhiqizwa kwe-ethylene ne-chlorine kusuka kudoti i-hydrochloric acid.
(6) Embonini yengilazi, izibuko ezikhethekile eziqukethescandiumingakhiqizwa.
(7) Embonini yomthombo wokukhanya kagesi,scandiumnezibani zesodium ezenziwescandiumfuthi i-sodium inezinzuzo zokusebenza kahle okuphezulu nombala wokukhanya omuhle.
(8)I-Scandiumikhona ngesimo se-45Sc ngemvelo.Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ama-isotopes ayisishiyagalolunye emisebe yeI-Scandium, okungukuthi 40~44Sc kanye no-46~49Sc.Phakathi kwazo, i-46Sc, njenge-tracer, isetshenziswe embonini yamakhemikhali, i-metallurgy kanye ne-oceanography.Kwezokwelapha, kunabantu baphesheya abafunda besebenzisa i-46Sc ukwelapha umdlavuza.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-09-2021