AʻO ka hoʻohālikelike maʻamau inā ʻo ka ʻaila ke koko o ka ʻoihana, a lailahonua lahaʻo ia ka huaora o ka ʻoihana.
honua laha oleʻo ia ka pōkole o kahi hui o nā metala.Honua LakaʻikaʻiElements,REE) ua ʻike ʻia kēlā me kēia mai ka hopena o ke kenekulia 18.Aia he 17 mau ʻano REE, me 15 lanthanides i ka papa ʻaina manawa o nā mea kemika-lanthanum(La),cerium(Ce),praseodymium(Pr),neodymium(Nd), promethium (Pm), a pēlā aku.Ma kahi kokoke i kēlā me kēia 3-5 makahiki, hiki i nā ʻepekema ke ʻike i nā hoʻohana hou o ka honua laha, a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia hoʻokahi o kēlā me kēia ʻeono.honua laha.
Ua waiwai ʻo Kinahonua lahanā minelala, hoʻonohonoho mua i nā honua ʻekolu: ʻo ka mea mua ma nā waihona waiwai, helu ʻia ma kahi o 23%;ʻO ka mea hoʻopuka ka mea mua, e helu ana i ka 80% a i ka 90% o nā mea kūʻai honua laha ʻole o ka honua;ʻO ka nui o ke kūʻai aku ka mua, me ka 60% a i ka 70% o nā huahana honua laha i lawe ʻia i waho.I ka manawa like, ʻo Kina wale nō ka ʻāina hiki ke hoʻolako i nā ʻano metala honua 17 āpau, ʻoi aku ka waena a me ke kaumaha.nā ʻāina rareme ka hoʻohana pūʻali koa koʻikoʻi.
Rhe honuaHe kumu waiwai hoʻolālā waiwai, i ʻike ʻia ʻo "industrial monosodium glutamate" a "makuahine o nā mea hou", a hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻepekema ʻokiʻoki a me ka ʻenehana a me ka ʻoihana koa.Wahi a ka Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, nā mea hana e like mehonua lahaʻO ka magnet mau loa, luminescence, hydrogen storage a catalysis ua lilo i mea waiwai nui no nā ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe e like me ka hana ʻana o nā mea hana kiʻekiʻe, ka ikehu hou a me nā ʻoihana e puka mai nei. ʻoihana, mālama kaiapuni, mahiʻai a pēlā aku..
I ka makahiki 1983, ua hoʻokomo ʻo Iapana i kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻolālā hoʻolālā no nā minela laha ʻole, a me 83% o kāna home.nā ʻāina raremai Kina.
E nana hou ia Amerika, konahonua lahaʻO nā waihona ka lua wale nō ma Kina, akā ʻo kānanā ʻāina rareua mama a paunā ʻāina rare, i maheleia i kaumahanā ʻāina rarea me nā ʻāina laha ʻole.Kaumahanā ʻāina rarehe pipiʻi loa ia, a ʻaʻole kūpono iaʻu nā ʻāina laha ʻole, i lilo i mea hoʻopunipunihonua lahas na kanaka i ka oihana.80% o UShonua lahamai Kina mai.
Ua ʻōlelo mua ʻo Comrade Deng Xiaoping: "He aila ma ka Hikina Waena anā ʻāina rarema Kina." ʻO ka manaʻo o kāna mau ʻōlelo ua ʻike ʻia. ka wā e hiki mai anahonua lahanā kumu waiwai, Ua lilo ia i hoʻolālā aupuni i kāhea ʻia e nā poʻe he nui me nā manaʻo kiʻekiʻe i nā makahiki i hala iho nei e pale i ka waiwaihonua lahanā waiwai mai ke kūʻai makapō ʻia a lawe ʻia aku i nā ʻāina komohana.I ka makahiki 1992, ua hōʻike maopopo ʻo Deng Xiaoping i ke kūlana nui o Kinahonua lahaʻāina.
Ka papa inoa o ka hoʻohana ʻana o 17 mau ʻāina laha ʻole
1.lanthanumhoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā mea hao a me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni mahiʻai
2.Ceriumhoʻohana nui ʻia i ke aniani kaʻa
3 praseodymiumhoʻohana nui ʻia i nā pigment seramika
4.Neodymiumhoʻohana nui ʻia i nā mea aerospace
5. Hāʻawi ka Promethium i ka ikehu kōkua no nā satelite
6. Noi oSamariumi ka Atomic Energy Reactor
7Europiumhana lens a me nā hōʻike aniani wai
8.ʻO Gadoliniumno ka lāʻau lapaʻau magnetic resonance imaging
9.Terbiumhoʻohana ʻia i ka mea hoʻoponopono ʻēheu mokulele
10.ʻErbiumhoʻohana ʻia i ka laser rangefinder i nā hana kaua
11.ʻO Dysprosiumhoʻohana ʻia i kumu kukui no ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni a paʻi
12 .Holmiumhoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā mea kamaʻilio optical
13 .Thuliumhoʻohana ʻia no ka hōʻoia ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻōpū
14.Ytterbiummea hoʻohui no ka mea hoʻomanaʻo kamepiula
15. Noi olutetiumi ka ikehu ikehu
16.Yttriumhana i nā uwea a me nā ʻāpana ikaika o ka mokulele
17.Scandiumhoʻohana pinepine ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā alloys
ʻO nā kikoʻī penei:
1
Lanthanum(LA)
I ke Kaua ʻo Gulf, ʻo ka mea ʻike maka pō mehonua lahaʻeleʻelelanthanumua lilo i kumu nui loa o nā moku kaua US. Hōʻike ke kiʻi ma lunalanthanum chloridepauda(Ka palapala ʻikepili)
Lanthanumhoʻohana nui ʻia i nā mea piezoelectric, nā mea electrothermal, nā mea thermoelectric, nā mea magnetoresistive, nā mea luminescent (blue pauka), nā mea mālama hydrogen, ke aniani optical, nā mea laser, nā mea ala like ʻole, etc.LanthanumHoʻohana ʻia i nā catalysts no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā huahana kemika organik, ua kapa ʻia e nā ʻepekemalanthanum"super calcium" no kona hopena i nā mea kanu.
2
Cerium(CE)
Ceriumhiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me catalyst, arc electrode a me ke aniani kūikawā.Pākuʻi Ceriumkū'ē i ka wela nui a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā ʻāpana jet propulsion (palapala ʻikepili)
(1)Cerium, e like me ke aniani additive, hiki ke komo i ka ultraviolet a me nā kukuna infrared, a ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i ke aniani kaʻa. , ua hoʻohui ʻia ka ceria i nā aniani kaʻa āpau ma Iapana.I ka makahiki 1996, ua hoʻohana ʻia he 2000 tons ceria ma ke aniani kaʻa, a ʻoi aku ma mua o 1000 tons ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
(2) I kēia manawa,ceriumke hoʻohana ʻia nei i loko o ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe hoʻomaʻemaʻe kaʻa kaʻa, hiki ke pale pono i ka nui o ke kinoea hoʻopau kaʻa mai ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana i ka lewa.ʻO ka ʻai ʻana oCeriumma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa no ka hapakolu o ka pau ʻana o kahonua laha.
(3) Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka Cerium sulfide i loko o nā puaʻa ma kahi o ke kēpau, cadmium a me nā metala ʻē aʻe e pōʻino i ke kaiapuni a me nā kānaka.Hiki ke ho'ohana 'ia no ka waiho'olu'u 'ana i nā plastics, nā uhi, ka 'īnika a me nā 'oihana pepa. I kēia manawa, 'o ka hui alaka'i 'o French Rhone Planck.
(4) CE: ʻO ka ʻōnaehana laser LiSAF kahi laser paʻa i hoʻomohala ʻia e ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e ʻike i nā mea kaua olaola a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau ma o ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻike tryptophan.Ceriumhoʻohana nui ʻia ma nā ʻano he nui.Aia ma kahi kokoke i nā palapala noi honua laha ʻolecerium.E like me ka pauka polishing, nā mea mālama hydrogen, nā mea thermoelectric,ceriumtungsten electrodes, capacitors seramika, piezoelectric keramika,cerium kalapona kalaponanā mea abrasive, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe wahie, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻaila, kekahi mau mea magnetic mau, nā mea hao like ʻole a me nā metala non-ferrous.
3
Praseodymium(PR)
ʻO Praseodymium neodymium alloy
(1)Praseodymiumhoʻohana nui ʻia i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā seramika a me nā seramika hoʻohana i kēlā me kēia lā.Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia me ka ceramic glaze e hana i ka kala kala, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka underglaze pigment.He melemele māmā ka puaʻa me ke kala maʻemaʻe a nani.
(2) Hoʻohana ʻia ia e hana i nā magnet mau loapraseodymiumametala neodymiumma kahi o MaemaeMetala neodymiumno ka hana ʻana i nā mea magnet mau loa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kona kūpaʻa oxygen a me nā waiwai mechanical, a hiki ke hana ʻia i mau magnet o nā ʻano like ʻole.
(3) Hoʻohana ʻia i ka petroleum catalytic cracking. Hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka hana, ke koho a me ka paʻa o ka catalyst ma o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka mea waiwai.praseodymiumaneodymiumi loko o Y zeolite molecular sieve e hoʻomākaukau i ka petroleum cracking catalyst. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Kina e hoʻokomo i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoihana i nā makahiki 1970, a ke piʻi nei ka hoʻohana ʻana.
(4)PraseodymiumHiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka polishing abrasive.praseodymiumhoʻohana nui ʻia i ka māla fiber optical.
4
Neodymium(a)
No ke aha e ʻike mua ʻia ai ka pahu pahu M1? Ua lako ka pahu me ka Nd: YAG laser rangefinder, hiki ke hōʻea i kahi ākea o kahi kokoke i 4000 mika i ke ao mālamalama（Ka palapala ʻikepili)
Me ka hānau ʻana opraseodymium,neodymiumlilo mai.ʻO ka hiki ʻana mai o neodymium i hoʻāla i kahonua lahakahua, hoʻokani koʻikoʻi ma ke kahua honua rare, a hoʻoikaika i kahonua lahamakeke.
Neodymiumua lilo i wahi wela ma ka mākeke no nā makahiki he nui ma muli o kona kūlana kūikawā ma ke kahua onā ʻāina laha ʻole.ʻO ka mea hoʻohana nui loa ometala neodymiumʻo ia ka NdFeB mau mea magnet mau.ʻO ka hiki ʻana mai o ka NdFeB mau mākēneki mau i hoʻokomo i ke ola hou i loko o ke kahua ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe.Kapa ʻia ʻo NdFeB magnet "ke aliʻi o nā magnet mau loa" no kāna huahana ikehu magnetic kiʻekiʻe.ʻO ka hoʻomohala kūleʻa o Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer e hōʻike ana ua komo nā waiwai magnetic o NdFeB magnet ma Kina i ka pae honua.Neodymium is hoʻohana pū ʻia i nā mea non-ferrous.ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka 1.5-2.5% neodymium i loko o ka magnesium a i ʻole ke alumini alumini hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana, ka paʻa ʻana o ka ea a me ke kūpaʻa corrosion o ka alloy.Hoʻohana nui ʻia e like me nā mea aerospace.Eia kekahi, ʻo ka neodymium-doped yttrium alumini garnet e hoʻopuka i ka kukuna laser pōkole, i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka wili a me ka ʻoki ʻana i nā mea lahilahi me ka mānoanoa ma lalo o 10mm i ka ʻoihana.I ka lāʻau lapaʻau, hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Nd: YAG laser no ka wehe ʻana i ka ʻokiʻoki a i ʻole ka disinfect i nā ʻeha ma kahi o ka scalpel.Neodymiumhoʻohana ʻia no ke kala aniani a me nā mea seramika a ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui no nā huahana lāʻau.
5
Promethium (Pm)
ʻO ka Promethium kahi mea radioactive artificial i hana ʻia e nā reactor nuklea (palapala ʻikepili)
(1) Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he kumu wela.Hāʻawi i ka ikehu kōkua no ka ʻike ʻana i ka vacuum a me ka satellite artificial.
(2) Hoʻopuka ʻo Pm147 i nā kukui haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā pihi kimebala.E like me ka lako mana o nā mea kani alakaʻi missile a me nā uaki.He liʻiliʻi ka nui o kēia ʻano pākaukau a hiki ke hoʻohana mau ʻia no kekahi mau makahiki.Eia kekahi, hoʻohana ʻia ka promethium i ka mea kani X-ray portable, hoʻomākaukau i ka phosphor, ana mānoanoa a me ke kukui kukui.
6
Samarium(Sm)
Metala samarium(palapala ʻikepili)
Smhe melemele māmā, a ʻo ia ka mea maka o Sm-Co mau mākēneki mau, a ʻo Sm-Co ka mākēneki mua loa i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka ʻoihana.ʻElua ʻano o nā magnet mau loa: ʻōnaehana SmCo5 a me Sm2Co17 ʻōnaehana.I nā makahiki 1970 mua, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻōnaehana SmCo5, a ua hana ʻia ka ʻōnaehana Sm2Co17 i ka wā ma hope.I kēia manawa ua hāʻawi mua ʻia ke koi o ka hope.Ka maemae osamarium oxidehoʻohana ʻia masamariumʻAʻole pono ke kiʻekiʻe loa ka magnet cobalt.Ke noʻonoʻo nei i ke kumukūʻai, hoʻohana nui ma kahi o 95% o nā huahana.Kahi mea hou aʻe,samarium oxideHoʻohana pū ʻia i nā capacitors seramika a me nā catalysts.Kahi mea hou aʻe,samariumloaʻa nā waiwai nuklea, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā mea hana, nā mea pale a me nā mea hoʻomalu no nā reactors ikehu atomic, i hiki ke hoʻohana palekana ʻia ka ikehu nui i hana ʻia e ka nuklea fission.
7
Europium(Eu)
Europium oxidepauda (palapala ʻikepili)
Europium oxidehoʻohana nui ʻia no nā phosphors (palapala ʻikepili)
I ka makahiki 1901, ua ʻike ʻo Eugene-AntoleDemarcay i kahi mea hou mai "samarium", inoaEuropium.Ua kapa ʻia paha kēia ma muli o ka huaʻōlelo ʻEulopa.Europium oxideHoʻohana nui ʻia no ka pauka fluorescent.Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Eu3+ ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoulu o ka phosphor ʻulaʻula, a ʻo Eu2+ hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka phosphor polū.I kēia manawa, ʻo Y2O2S: ʻO Eu3 + ka phosphor maikaʻi loa i ka pono luminous, ka paʻa o ka uhi a me ke kumukūʻai recycling.Europium oxideua hoʻohana ʻia hoʻi e like me ka stimulated emission phosphor no ka ʻōnaehana hōʻoia olakino X-ray hou i nā makahiki i hala.Europium oxideHiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā lens kala a me nā kānana optical, no nā mea mālama pahu magnetic, hiki iā ia ke hōʻike i kāna mau talena i nā mea hoʻomalu, nā mea pale a me nā mea hoʻolālā o nā reactors atomic.
8
ʻO Gadolinium(Gd)
ʻO Gadoliniuma ʻo kāna isotopes ka ʻoi loa o ka neutron absorbers a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea pale o nā reactors nuklea.(palapala ʻikepili)
(1) Hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hōʻailona kiʻi NMR o ke kino kanaka i ka lāʻau lapaʻau.
(2) Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kona sulfur oxide e like me ka matrix grid o ka oscilloscope tube a me ka pale X-ray me ka ʻōlinolino kūikawā.
(3)ʻO Gadolinium in ʻO GadoliniumʻO Gallium Garnet kahi substrate hoʻokahi kūpono no ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i ka bubble.
(4) Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe magnetic paʻa me ka palena ʻole o ka pōʻai Camot.
(5) Hoʻohana ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he mea paʻa e hoʻomalu i ka pae hopena o ke kaulahao o nā mea kanu nuklea e hōʻoia i ka palekana o nā hopena nuklea.
(6) Hoʻohana ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui osamariumkobalt magnet e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole e loli ka hana me ka mahana.
9
Terbium(Tb)
Terbium oxidepauda (palapala ʻikepili)
ʻO ka noi ohoʻopaʻapaʻaʻo ka hapa nui e pili ana i ke kahua ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ia kahi papahana ʻokiʻoki me ka ʻenehana-koʻikoʻi a me ka ʻike ʻike, a me kahi papahana me nā pōmaikaʻi waiwai kupaianaha, me nā manaʻo hoʻomohala hoihoi.
(1) Hoʻohana ʻia nā Phosphors e like me nā mea hoʻoulu o ka pauka ʻōmaʻomaʻo i nā phosphors tricolor, e like me ka terbium-activated phosphate matrix, terbium-activated silicate matrix a mehoʻopaʻapaʻa- hoʻohana ʻia ka cerium-magnesium aluminate matrix, nā mea a pau e hoʻopuka i nā kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ke kūlana hauʻoli.
(2) Nā mea mālama Magneto-optical.I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hōʻea nā mea terbium magneto-optical i ka nui o ka hana nui.Hoʻohana ʻia nā disks Magneto-optical i hana ʻia me nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni amorphous Tb-Fe e like me nā mea mālama kamepiula, a hoʻonui ʻia ka hiki ke mālama ʻia e 10 ~ 15 mau manawa.
(3) aniani Magneto-optical,hoʻopaʻapaʻa-ʻo ke aniani rotatory Faraday ka mea nui no ka hana ʻana i nā rotators, isolator a me nā annulator i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻenehana laser.ʻO ka mea nui, ua wehe ka hoʻomohala ʻana o TerFenol i kahi noi hou o Terfenol, kahi mea hou i ʻike ʻia ma 1970s.ʻO ka hapalua o kēia huilahoʻopaʻapaʻaadysprosium, i kekahi manawa meholmiuma ʻo ke koena he hao.Ke hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Terfenol i loko o kahi māla magnetic, ʻoi aku ka loli o kona nui ma mua o nā mea magnetic maʻamau, hiki ke hana i kekahi mau neʻe mechanical pololei.ʻO Terbium dysprosium hao ka mea nui i hoʻohana ʻia i ka sonar i ka mua, a ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā kula he nui i kēia manawa.
10
ʻO Dysprosium(Dy)
Metal dysprosium(palapala ʻikepili)
(1) Ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui o NdFeB mau magnet, e hoʻohui ana ma kahi o 2 ~ 3%dysprosiumhiki i kēia magnet ke hoʻonui i kona ikaika koi.I ka wā ma mua, ke koi nodysprosiumʻAʻole nui, akā me ka piʻi nui ʻana o nā mea hoʻonaninani NdFeB, ua lilo ia i mea hoʻohui pono, a ʻo ka papa ma kahi o 95 ~ 99.9%, a ua piʻi wikiwiki hoʻi ke koi.
(2)ʻO DysprosiumHoʻohana ʻia e like me ka mea hoʻoulu o ka phosphor.Trivalentdysprosiumhe mea hoʻolalelale hoʻāla ʻia o nā mea luminescent tricolor me kahi kikowaena luminescent hoʻokahi.Loaʻa ka nui o nā pūʻulu hoʻokuʻu ʻelua, hoʻokahi ka hoʻokuʻu kukui melemele, ʻo ka hoʻokuʻu kukui polū.ʻO nā mea luminescent doped medysprosiumHiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka tricolor phosphors.
(3)ʻO Dysprosiumhe mea pono metala maka no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka alloy Terfenol i loko o ka alloy magnetostrictive, hiki ke ʻike i kekahi mau hana pololei o ka neʻe mechanical.
(4)ʻO ka metala Dysprosiumhiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea mālama magneto-optical me ka wikiwiki hoʻopaʻa kiʻekiʻe a me ka naʻau heluhelu.
(5) Hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana odysprosiumnā kukui, ka mea hana i hoʻohana ʻia madysprosiumʻO nā kukui he dysprosium iodide, nona nā pono o ka'ōlinolino kiʻekiʻe, ke kala maikaʻi, ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kala wela, ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, ka paʻa arc a pēlā aku, a ua hoʻohana ʻia e like me ke kumu kukui no ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me ka paʻi.
(6)ʻO Dysprosiumua hoʻohana ʻia e ana i ka neutron ikehu spectrum a i ʻole ma ke ʻano he neutron absorber i ka ʻoihana ikehu atomic no ka nui o kāna neutron hopu cross-sectional.
(7) Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Dy3Al5O12 ma ke ʻano he mea hana magnetic no ka refrigeration magnetic.Me ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana, nā kahua noiʻi odysprosiume hoʻonui mau ʻia a hoʻonui ʻia.
11
Holmium(Ho)
Ho-Fe huila(palapala ʻikepili)
I kēia manawa, pono e hoʻomohala hou ʻia ke kahua noi o ka hao, a ʻaʻole nui ka hoʻohana ʻana.I kēia mau lā, uaHonua LakaʻikaʻiResearch Institute o Baotou Steel ua apono 'ana i kiʻekiʻe wela a me kiʻekiʻe vacuum distillation hoʻomaʻemaʻe 'enehana, a hoʻomohala kiʻekiʻe maemae metala Qin Ho /> RE> 99.9% me ka haʻahaʻa maʻiʻo o ka ole-honua lahahaumia.
I kēia manawa, ʻo ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o nā laka:
(1) Ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui o ke kukui halogen metala, ʻo ke kukui halogen metala ke ʻano o ke kukui hoʻokuʻu kinoea, i hoʻomohala ʻia ma ke kumu o ke kukui mercury kiʻekiʻe, a ʻo kona ʻano ʻo ia ka piha ʻana o ka pā i nā ʻano like ʻole.pepeiao laha oleh halida.I kēia manawa, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā iodide honua, kahi e hoʻokuʻu ai i nā laina spectral ʻokoʻa ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia ke kinoea.ʻO ka mea hana i hoʻohana ʻia i ke kukui hao ʻo qiniodide, Hiki ke loaʻa ka ʻike kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻātoma metala ma ka ʻāpana arc, no laila e hoʻomaikaʻi nui ai i ka pono radiation.
(2) Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka hao ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka hao a i ʻole piliona alumini garnet
(3) Khin-doped alumini garnet (Ho: YAG) hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i ka laser 2um, a ʻo ka helu absorption o ka laser 2um e nā ʻiʻo kanaka he kiʻekiʻe, aneane ʻekolu mau kauoha o ka nui ma mua o ka Hd: YAG.No laila, i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka laser Ho: YAG no ka hana lapaʻau, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hoʻomaikaʻi wale i ka maikaʻi o ka hana a me ka pololei, akā e hōʻemi pū i ka wahi pōʻino wela i kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi.Hiki i ka lāʻau manuahi i hana ʻia e ke aniani laka hiki ke hoʻopau i ka momona me ka ʻole o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka wela nui, I mea e hōʻemi ai i ka pōʻino wela i nā ʻiʻo olakino, ua hōʻike ʻia e hiki i ka w-laser treatment of glaucoma ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ke hōʻemi i ka ʻeha o ke kaʻina. ʻO ka 2um laser crystal ma Kina ua hiki i ka pae honua, no laila pono e hoʻomohala a hana i kēia ʻano kristal laser.
(4) Hiki ke hoʻohui pū ʻia kahi mea liʻiliʻi o Cr i loko o ka magnetostrictive alloy Terfenol-D e hōʻemi i ka māla waho i koi ʻia no ka magnetization saturation.
(5) Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka hao doped fiber e hana i ka fiber laser, fiber amplifier, fiber sensor a me nā mea kamaʻilio optical ʻē aʻe, e pāʻani ana i kahi kuleana nui i ka kamaʻilio fiber optical wikiwiki i kēia lā.
12
ʻErbium(ER)
Erbium oxidepauda (ka palapala ʻike)
(1) He koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi ka hoʻokuʻu māmā ʻana o Er3 + ma 1550nm, no ka mea, aia kēia hawewe i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa o ka fiber optical i ke kamaʻilio fiber optical.Ma hope o ka hauʻoli e ka 980nm a me ka 1480nm kukui, ka maunu ion (Er3 +) transits mai ka honua moku'āina 4115 / 2 i ka kiʻekiʻe-ikaika moku'āina 4I13 / 2. I ka Er3 + i loko o ka kiʻekiʻe-ikaika moku'āina transitions hoʻi i ka honua moku'āina, hoʻopuka ia i ka mālamalama 1550nm.Hiki i ka quartz fiber ke hoʻouna i ka māmā o nā hawewe like ʻole, akā naʻe, ʻo ka optical attenuation rate o 1550nm band ka haʻahaʻa loa (0.15 dB / km), kahi kokoke i ka palena haʻahaʻa attenuation rate. Hoʻohana ʻia ia e like me ke kukui hōʻailona ma 1550 nm. Ma kēia ʻano, inā hoʻohui ʻia ka manaʻo kūpono o ka maunu i loko o ka matrix kūpono, hiki i ka amplifier ke uku i ka nalowale i ka ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio e like me ke kumu laser, No laila, i ka pūnaewele kelepona i Pono e hoʻonui i ka hōʻailona optical 1550nm, ʻo ka maunu doped fiber amplifier he mea pono pono.I kēia manawa, ua hoʻolaha ʻia ka maunu doped silica fiber amplifier. Ua hōʻike ʻia i mea e pale aku ai i ka absorption pono ʻole, ʻo ka nui o ka doped i loko o ka fiber optical he ʻumi a haneli mau ppm. .
(2) (2) Eia kekahi, ʻo ka maunu doped laser crystal a me kāna huahana 1730nm laser a me 1550nm laser ka palekana i nā maka kanaka, maikaʻi ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka lewa, hiki ke komo ikaika i ka uahi kahua kaua, palekana maikaʻi, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ke ʻike ʻia e ka ʻenemi, a ʻo ka ʻokoʻa o ka radiation o nā pahuhopu koa he nui.Ua hana ʻia ia i mea hoʻohana ʻia i ka laser rangefinder i palekana no nā maka kanaka i ka hoʻohana pūʻali koa.
(3) (3) Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia ʻo Er3 + i loko o ke aniani e hana i nā mea laser aniani honua, ʻo ia ka mea laser paʻa me ka ikehu pulse puka nui a me ka mana kiʻekiʻe loa.
(4) Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Er3 + ma ke ʻano he ion hana i lokohonua lahanā mea laser upconversion.
(5) (5) Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka maunu no ka decolorization a me ke kala o nā aniani aniani a me ke aniani aniani.
13
Thulium(TM)
Ma hope o ka hoʻomālamalama ʻia ʻana i loko o kahi reactor nuklea,thuliumhana i kahi isotope hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i ka X-ray, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he kumu X-ray portable (palapala ʻikepili)
(1)Thuliumhoʻohana ʻia e like me ke kumu kukuna o ka mīkini X-ray portable.Ma hope o ka irradiated i ka nukili reactor, TM hana i kahi ʻano isotope hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i ka X-ray, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hana i ka irradiator koko.Hiki i kēia ʻano radiometer ke hoʻololi i ka yu-169 i TM-170 ma lalo o ka hana o ke kukui kiʻekiʻe a me waena, a hoʻomālamalama i ka X-ray e hoʻomālamalama i ke koko a hoʻemi i nā keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo.ʻO kēia mau keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ka mea e hōʻole ai i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke kino, i mea e hōʻemi ai i ka hōʻole mua ʻana o nā kino.
(2) (2)ThuliumHiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i ka maʻi maʻi maʻi a me ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi maʻi ma muli o kona pili kiʻekiʻe no ka ʻiʻo tumo, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka honua koʻikoʻi ma mua o ka māmā.honua laha, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pili o Yu.
(3) (3) Hoʻohana ʻia ka X-ray sensitizer Laobr: br (blue) ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoulu i ka phosphor o ka X-ray sensitization screen e hoʻonui ai i ka ʻike optical, no laila e hōʻemi ai i ka ʻike a me ka pōʻino o ka X-ray i nā kānaka × ʻO 50% ka nui o ka radiation, he koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi i ka noi olakino.
(4) (4) Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke kukui halide metala i mea hoʻohui i ke kumu kukui hou.
(5) (5) Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia ʻo Tm3 + i loko o ke aniani e hana ai i nā mea laser aniani honua, ʻo ia ka mea paʻa-state laser me ka pulse puka nui loa a me ka mana kiʻekiʻe loa. o nā mea laser hoʻololi hou honua.
14
Ytterbium(Yb)
Ytterbium metala(palapala ʻikepili)
(1) E like me ka thermal shielding material.The results show that mirror can improve corrosion resistance of electrodeposited zinc coating obviously, and the grain size of coating with mirror is little than that of coating without mirror.
(2) E like me ka magnetostrictive material.This mea i loaʻa i nā 'ano o ka nunui magnetostriction, 'o ia hoʻi, ka hoʻonui 'ana i ka magnetic field.The alloy ua haku nui 'ia me ka aniani / ferrite alloy a me ka dysprosium / ferrite alloy, a me kekahi hapa o ka manganese i hoʻohui 'ia e hana. ka hoʻohāiki nui.
(3) Mea aniani i hoʻohana ʻia no ke ana kaomi.Hōʻike nā hoʻokolohua i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka naʻau o ka mea aniani i loko o ke ʻano kaomi calibrated, e wehe ana i kahi ala hou no ka noi ʻana o ke aniani i ke ana kaomi.
(4) Hoʻopiha i ka resina no nā lua o nā mola e pani ai i ka amalgam kālā i hoʻohana mau ʻia i ka wā ma mua.
(5) Ua hoʻopau maikaʻi nā haumāna Kepani i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ke aniani-doped vanadium baht garnet embedded line waveguide laser, kahi mea nui i ka hoʻomohala hou ʻana o ka ʻenehana laser.Eia kekahi, ua hoʻohana ʻia ke aniani no ka mea hoʻoulu i ka pauka fluorescent, radio ceramics, electronic computer memory element (magnetic bubble) additive, glass fiber flux a optical glass additive, etc.
15
Lutetium(Lu)
Lutetium oxidepauda (palapala ʻikepili)
Yttrium lutetium silicate crystal (palapala ʻikepili)
(1) hana i kekahi mau wili kūikawā.No ka laʻana, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka alumini alumini lutetium no ka nānā ʻana i ka neutron activation.
(2) Paʻalutetiumpāʻani nā nuclides i ka hana catalytic i ka petroleum cracking, alkylation, hydrogenation a me polymerization.
(3) Hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana o yttrium iron a i ʻole yttrium alumini garnet ke hoʻomaikaʻi i kekahi mau waiwai.
(4) Nā mea maka o ka waihona puʻupuʻu magnetic.
(5) He aniani hana hoʻohuihui, lutetium-doped aluminika yttrium neodymium tetraborate, no ka ʻenehana ʻenehana o ka hoʻonā paʻakai hoʻoluʻu ʻana i ka ulu aniani.Hōʻike nā hoʻokolohua ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka kristal NYAB lutetium-doped ma mua o ka kristal NYAB i ka like ʻana o ka optical a me ka hana laser.
(6) Ua ʻike ʻia kēlālutetiumLoaʻa i nā noi kūpono i ka hōʻike electrochromic a me nā semiconductors molecular haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.Kahi mea hou aʻe,lutetiumhoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻenehana ʻenehana ikehu a me ka mea hoʻoulu o ka phosphor.
16
Yttrium(y)
Yttriumhoʻohana nui ʻia, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka yttrium alumini garnet e like me ka laser, yttrium iron garnet i hoʻohana ʻia no ka ʻenehana microwave a me ka hoʻoili ʻana i ka ikehu acoustic, a me ka europium-doped yttrium vanadate a me ka europium-doped.yttrium oxidehoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he phosphors no nā keʻena TV kala.(palapala ʻikepili)
(1) Nā mea hoʻohui no ke kila a me nā mea haoʻole.Loaʻa i ka FeCr alloy ka 0.5-4%yttrium, hiki ke hoʻonui i ka pale ʻana o ka oxidation a me ka ductility o kēia mau mea kila kila;Hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia nā waiwai piha o MB26 alloy ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka nui kūpono o ka hui ʻana o ka yttrium-richhonua laha, hiki ke pani i kekahi mau alumini alumini ikaika a hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka mokulele.Hoʻohui i kahi liʻiliʻi o ka yttrium-richhonua lahai loko o Al-Zr alloy, Hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka conductivity o kēlā huila;Ua lawe ʻia ka alloy e ka hapa nui o nā ʻoihana uea ma Kina.ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka yttrium i loko o ke keleawe keleawe e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka conductivity a me ka ikaika mechanical.
(2) Silicon nitride ceramic mea nona ka 6%yttriuma hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka 2% alumini no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻāpana mīkini.
(3) ʻO ka Nd: Y: Al: Hoʻohana ʻia ke kukui laser Garnet me ka mana o 400 watts e wili, ʻoki a wili i nā mea nui.
(4) ʻO ka pale microscope electron i haku ʻia me ka Y-Al garnet single crystal he kiʻekiʻe fluorescence olinolino, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ke kukui hoʻopuehu, a maikaʻi ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa mīkini.
(5) KiʻekiʻeyttriumHiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka alloy structural i loaʻa ka 90% yttrium i ka mokulele a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe e koi ana i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka helu heheʻe kiʻekiʻe.
(6) Yttrium-doped SrZrO3 kiʻekiʻe-mehana proton conductive mea, e ume nui noonoo i keia manawa, he mea nui koʻikoʻi i ka hana ʻana o nā wahie, electrolytic cell a me nā mea ʻike kinoea e koi ana i ka solubility kiʻekiʻe hydrogen.Kahi mea hou aʻe,yttriumHoʻohana ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe wela kiʻekiʻe, he mea hoʻoheheʻe no ka wahie atomic reactor, he mea hoʻohui no nā mea magnetic mau, a he mea hoʻohui i ka ʻoihana uila.
17
Scandium(Sc)
Metala scandium(palapala ʻikepili)
Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea yttrium a me ka lanthanide, loaʻa i ka scandium kahi radius ionic liʻiliʻi a me kahi alkalinity nāwaliwali loa o ka hydroxide.No laila, i ka wāscandiuma hui pū ʻia nā mea ʻeleʻele koʻikoʻi,scandiume hoʻoheheʻe mua ʻia ke mālama ʻia me ka amonia (a i ʻole ka alkali dilute loa), no laila hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia maihonua lahanā mea ma ke ʻano o ka "fractional precipitation".ʻO kekahi ala ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka decomposition polarization o ka nitrate no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana.
Hiki ke loaʻa iā Sc ma ka electrolysis.ScCl3, KCl a me LiCl i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wā hoʻomaʻemaʻe scandium, a hoʻohana ʻia ka zinc hehee i cathode no ka electrolysis, no laila.scandiumua precipitated ma ka zinc electrode, a laila ua evaporated ka zinc e loaascandium.Kahi mea hou aʻe,scandiumHiki ke hoʻihoʻi maʻalahi i ka wā e hoʻoili ai i ka ʻeleʻele e hana i nā mea uranium, thorium a me lanthanide.Hoʻihoʻi piha i nā mea piliscandiummai ka tungsten a me ka ʻiʻa tin kekahi o nā kumu nui oscandium.Scandiumaia ma ke ʻano trivalent i loko o ka pūhui, ka mea maʻalahi i ka oxidized i lokoSc2O3i ka lewa a lilo kona ʻulaʻula metala a lilo i ʻeleʻele hina.
ʻO nā hoʻohana nui oscandiumhe:
(1)Scandiumhiki ke hana me ka wai wela e hoʻokuʻu i ka hydrogen, a hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka waikawa, no laila he mea hoʻemi ikaika.
(2)Scandium oxidea he alkaline wale nō ka hydroxide, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia kona lehu paʻakai.ʻO Scandium chloride he aniani keʻokeʻo, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai a me ka deliquescent i ka lewa.
(3) Ma ka ʻoihana metala,scandiumhoʻohana pinepineʻia e hana i nā'āpana (nā mea hoʻohui o nā'āpana) e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ikaika, ka paʻakikī, ka pale wela a me ka hana o nā'āpana.No ka laʻana, hoʻohui i kahi liʻiliʻi oscandiumi ka hao hoohehee hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i nā waiwai o ka hao hao, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi liʻiliʻi oscandiumi ka alumini hiki ke hoʻoikaika i kona ikaika a me ka wela.
(4) Ma ka ʻoihana uila,scandiumhiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā mea semiconductor like ʻole.No ka laʻana, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka scandium sulfite i nā semiconductor ua hoʻohuli i ka manaʻo ma ka home a ma waho, a me ka ferrite i loaʻa.scandiumke hoʻohiki nei hoʻi i nā core magnetic computer.
(5) Ma ka ʻoihana kemika,scandiumHoʻohana ʻia ka pūhui ma ke ʻano he waiʻona dehydrogenation a me ka dehydration agent, ʻo ia ka mea hoʻoikaika kūpono no ka hana ʻana o ka ethylene a me ka chlorine mai ka waika hydrochloric ʻōpala.
(6) I ka ʻoihana aniani, nā aniani kūikawā i loaʻascandiumhiki ke hanaia.
(7) I ka ʻoihana kumu kukui uila,scandiuma me na ipukukui sodium i hanaiascandiuma ʻo ka sodium ka mea maikaʻi o ka maikaʻi kiʻekiʻe a me ke kala kukui maikaʻi.
(8)Scandiumaia ma ke ʻano o 45Sc ma ke ʻano.Eia hou, he eiwa radioactive isotopes oScandium, oia hoi 40~44Sc a me 46~49Sc.Ma waena o lākou, 46Sc, ma ke ʻano he tracer, ua hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻoihana kemika, metallurgy a me ka moana.I ka lāʻau lapaʻau, aia kekahi poʻe ma waho e aʻo e hoʻohana ana i ka 46Sc e mālama i ka maʻi kanesa.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻAukake-09-2021