Aisafobe esiqhelekileyo kukuba ukuba ioli ligazi loshishino, ngokoumhlaba onqabileyoyivithamin yoshishino.
Umhlaba onqabileyosisishunqulelo seqela leentsimbi.Umhlaba onqabileyoElements,REE) zifunyenwe enye emva kwenye ukusukela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18.Kukho iindidi ezili-17 ze-REE, kuquka i-lanthanides ezili-15 kwitheyibhile yeperiodi yezinto zemichiza-lanthanum(La),i-cerium(Ce),ipraseodymium(Pr),neodymium(Nd), ipromethium (Pm), njalo njaloOkwangoku, isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwiinkalo ezininzi ezifana ne-electronics, i-petrochemicals kunye ne-metallurgy.Phantse yonke iminyaka emi-3-5, izazinzulu zinokufumanisa izinto ezintsha ezisetyenziswayo zomhlaba onqabileyo, kwaye enye kuzo zonke izinto eziye zaqanjwa ezintandathu ayinakwahlulwaumhlaba onqabileyo.
I-China ityebile kwiumhlaba onqabileyoizimbiwa, ezibekwe kwindawo yokuqala kumazwe amathathu: elokuqala koovimba bemithombo, libalelwa malunga nama-23%;Isiphumo sesokuqala, sithatha i-80% ukuya kwi-90% yezinto ezinqabileyo zehlabathi;Umthamo wentengiso yeyokuqala, kunye ne-60% ukuya kwi-70% yeemveliso zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ezithunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle.Kwangaxeshanye, iChina kuphela kwelizwe elinokubonelela ngeentlobo ezili-17 zesinyithi somhlaba esinqabileyo, ngakumbi esiphakathi nesinzima.imihlaba enqabileyongesabelo ezibalaseleyo zomkhosi use.China kaThixo inomona.
Rzisemhlabenisisixhobo sobuchule esixabisekileyo, esibizwa ngokuba yi "industrial monosodium glutamate" kunye "nomama wezinto ezintsha", kwaye sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwisayensi kunye neteknoloji kunye neshishini lomkhosi.Ngokutsho koMphathiswa wezoShishino kunye neTekhnoloji yoLwazi, izinto ezisebenzayo ezifanaumhlaba onqabileyoumazibuthe osisigxina, i-luminescence, ukugcinwa kwe-hydrogen kunye ne-catalysis kuye kwaba yinto eyimfuneko kumashishini obugcisa obuphezulu njengokwenziwa kwezixhobo eziphambili, amandla amatsha kunye namashishini asakhulayo. ishishini, ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, ezolimo njalo njalo..
Kwangowe-1983, iJapan yazisa inkqubo yobuchule yokugcina izimbiwa ezinqabileyo, kunye ne-83% yasekhaya.imihlaba enqabileyoyavela eTshayina.
Jonga eUnited States kwakhona, yayoumhlaba onqabileyooovimba besibini kuphela eTshayina, kodwa yayoimihlaba enqabileyozonke zikukhanyaimihlaba enqabileyo, ezahlulwe zibe nzimaimihlaba enqabileyokunye nomhlaba onqabileyo okhanyayo.Inzimaimihlaba enqabileyozibiza kakhulu, kwaye ukukhanya komhlaba okunqabileyo akunamali kweyam, ejikwe yaba yinkohlisoumhlaba onqabileyos ngabantu abakushishino.I-80% yase-USumhlaba onqabileyoiimveliso ezivela ngaphandle zivela eTshayina.
UComrade uDeng Xiaoping wakhe wathi: “Kukho ioyile kuMbindi Mpuma kwayeimihlaba enqabileyoeTshayina." Intsingiselo yamazwi akhe iyabonakala. Umhlaba onqabileyo awuyomfuneko kuphela "MSG" kwi-1/5 yeemveliso eziphezulu zobuchwepheshe emhlabeni, kodwa kunye ne-bargaining chip enamandla ye-China kwitheyibhile yokuxoxisana yehlabathi Khusela kwaye usebenzise ngokwenzululwaziumhlaba onqabileyokwimithombo, iye yaba sisicwangciso sesizwe esibizelwa ngabantu abaninzi abaneembono eziphakamileyo kwiminyaka yakutshanje ukunqanda ixabisoumhlaba onqabileyoizibonelelo ezivela ekuthengisweni ngokungaboni kwaye zithunyelwe kumazwe asentshona.Ngo-1992, u-Deng Xiaoping wayichaza ngokucacileyo imeko ye-China njengento enkuluumhlaba onqabileyoilizwe.
Uluhlu losetyenziso lwehlabathi elinqabileyo eli-17
1.lanthanumisetyenziswe kwizinto ze-alloy kunye neefilimu zezolimo
2.Ceriumisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiglasi yemoto
3 ipraseodymiumisetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-pigments ceramic
4.Neodymiumisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizinto ze-aerospace
5 .I-Promethium inika amandla ancedisayo kwiisathelayithi
6.Usetyenziso lweeSamariumkwi-Atomic Energy Reactor
7Europiumiilensi zokuvelisa kunye nemiboniso yekristale engamanzi
8.Gadoliniumkumfanekiso wemagnethi wonyango
9.Terbiumisetyenziswa kwi-aircraft wing regulator
10.Erbiumisetyenziswa kwi-laser rangefinder kwimicimbi yasemkhosini
11.Dysprosiumisetyenziswa njengomthombo wokukhanyisa kwifilimu kunye nokushicilela
12 .IHolmiumisetyenziselwa ukwenza izixhobo zonxibelelwano lwamehlo
13 .Thuliumisetyenziselwa ukuxilongwa kweklinikhi kunye nonyango lwamathumba
14.Ytterbiumidizayini yesiqalelo senkumbulo yekhompyuter
15.Ukusetyenziswa kweilutetiumkubuchwepheshe bebhetri yamandla
16.Yttriumyenza iingcingo kunye namacandelo amandla eenqwelomoya
17.Scandiumisoloko isetyenziselwa ukwenza ingxubevange
Iinkcukacha zezi zilandelayo:
1
Lanthanum(LA)
KwiMfazwe yeGulf, isixhobo sombono wasebusuku ngeumhlaba onqabileyoisiqalelolanthanumyaba ngumthombo omkhulu weetanki zase-US.Lo mfanekiso ungasentla ubonisai-lanthanum chlorideumgubo (imephu yedatha)
Lanthanumisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizixhobo ze-piezoelectric, izinto ze-electrothermal, izixhobo zombane, izixhobo ze-magnetoresistive, izinto ezikhanyayo (umgubo oluhlaza), izinto zokugcina i-hydrogen, iglasi ye-optical, imathiriyeli ye-laser, izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ze-alloy, njl.LanthanumIkwasetyenziswa kwii-catalysts zokulungiswa kweemveliso ezininzi zemichiza ephilayo, izazinzulu ziye zathiya igamalanthanum"super calcium" ngenxa yempembelelo yayo kwizityalo.
2
Cerium(CE)
Ceriuminokusetyenziswa njenge-catalyst, i-arc electrode kunye neglasi ekhethekileyo.Ingxubevange yeCeriumIyakwazi ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu kwaye ingasetyenziselwa ukwenza iindawo eziqhutywa yijethi (imephu yedatha)
(1)Cerium, njengesongezelelo seglasi, inokuthatha i-ultraviolet kunye nemitha ye-infrared, kwaye isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwiiglasi zemoto. , i-ceria yongezwe kuyo yonke iglasi yeemoto eJapan.Ngowe-1996, ubuncinane iitoni ezingama-2000 zeceria zasetyenziswa kwiglasi yemoto, yaye ngaphezu kweetoni ezili-1000 eUnited States.
(2) Namhlanje,i-ceriumisetyenziselwa ukucoca i-automobile exhaust purification catalyst, enokuthi ithintele ngokufanelekileyo isixa esikhulu segesi yokukhupha inqwelo moya ukuba ikhutshwe emoyeni.Ukusetyenziswa kweCeriumeUnited States ithatha isinye kwisithathu sokusetyenziswa iyonkeumhlaba onqabileyo.
(3) I-Cerium sulfide ingasetyenziswa kwi-pigments endaweni yelothe, i-cadmium kunye nezinye izinyithi eziyingozi kwindalo kunye nabantu.Ingasetyenziselwa ukufaka umbala kwiiplastiki, iingubo, i-inki kunye namashishini ephepha.Okwangoku, inkampani ehamba phambili yi-French Rhone Planck.
(4) CE: Inkqubo ye-laser ye-LiSAF yi-laser-state eqinile eyenziwe yi-United States.Ingasetyenziselwa ukubona izixhobo zebhayoloji kunye namayeza ngokubeka iliso kugxininiso lwe-tryptophan.Ceriumisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkalo ezininzi.Phantse zonke izicelo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ziqulathei-cerium.Njengomgubo wokupolisha, imathiriyeli yokugcina i-hydrogen, izixhobo zombane ze-thermoelectric,i-ceriumii-electrode ze-tungsten, ii-ceramic capacitors, iiseramikhi zepiezoelectric,i-cerium i-silicon carbideiibrasives, iiseli zamafutha ekrwada, izixhobo zepetroli, ezinye izixhobo zemagnethi ezisisigxina, iintsimbi ezahlukeneyo zealloy kunye neentsimbi ezingezizo ezoni.
3
I-Praseodymium(PR)
Ingxubevange yePraseodymium neodymium
(1)I-Praseodymiumisetyenziswa kakhulu ekwakheni iiseramikhi kunye neeseramikhi ezisetyenziswa mihla le.Inokuxutywa ne-ceramic glaze ukwenza umbala we-glaze, kwaye ingasetyenziselwa njenge-pigment ephantsi.Ibala lebala lityheli elikhanyayo kunye nombala ococekileyo kunye nobuhle.
(2) Isetyenziselwa ukwenza iimagnethi ezisisigxina.Ukusebenzisa ixabiso eliphantsiipraseodymiumkwayeintsimbi ye-neodymiumendaweni yobunyuluNeodymium metalukwenza imathiriyeli yemagnethi esisigxina, ukuxhathisa kwayo ioksijini kunye neempawu zoomatshini ngokucacileyo ziphuculwe, kwaye zinokucutshungulwa zibe ziimagnethi zeemilo ezahlukeneyo.Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo zombane kunye neenjini.
(3) Isetyenziswe kwi-petroleum catalytic cracking.Umsebenzi, ukukhetha kunye nokuzinza kwe-catalyst kunokuphuculwa ngokudibanisa ubuncwane.ipraseodymiumkwayeneodymiumkungena Y zeolite molecular sieve ukulungiselela petroleum cracking catalyst.China waqala ukubeka kusetyenziso lwemizi-mveliso kwiminyaka yoo-1970, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kuyanda.
(4)I-Praseodymiumingasetyenziselwa ukugulisa i-abrasive.Ukongezelela,ipraseodymiumisetyenziswa kakhulu kwindawo yefiber optical.
4
Neodymium(nd)
Kutheni le nto inokufunyanwa kuqala itanki le-M1?Itanki ixhotyiswe nge-Nd: YAG laser rangefinder, enokufikelela kuluhlu oluphantse lube yi-4000 yeemitha ekukhanyeni kwasemini (imephu yedatha)
Ngokuzalwa kweipraseodymium,neodymiumkwabakho.Ukufika kwe-neodymium kusebenze iumhlaba onqabileyointsimi, yadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwintsimi enqabileyo yomhlaba, kwaye yaphembelelaumhlaba onqabileyoimarike.
Neodymiumiye yaba yindawo eshushu kwimarike iminyaka emininzi ngenxa yendawo yayo ekhethekileyo kwintsimi yeimihlaba enqabileyo.Oyena msebenzisi mkhulu weintsimbi ye-neodymiumyinto yemagnethi esisigxina yeNdFeB.Ukufika kweemagnethi ezisisigxina ze-NdFeB kuye kwafaka amandla amatsha kwindawo enqabileyo yomhlaba yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu.Imagnethi ye-NdFeB ibizwa ngokuba "yinkosi yeemagnethi ezisisigxina" ngenxa yemveliso yayo ephezulu yemagnethi.Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizinto zombane, oomatshini kunye namanye amashishini ngokusebenza kwayo okugqwesileyo.Uphuhliso oluyimpumelelo lwe-Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer lubonisa ukuba iimpawu zemagnethi ze-NdFeB zemagnethi e-China zingene kumgangatho wehlabathi.Neodymium is ikwasetyenziswa kwizinto ezingezizo i-ferrous.Ukongeza i-1.5-2.5% ye-neodymium kwi-magnesium okanye i-aluminium alloy inokuphucula ukusebenza kobushushu obuphezulu, ukuqina komoya kunye nokumelana nokubola kwe-alloy.Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengezinto ze-aerospace.Ukongeza, i-neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet ivelisa i-laser beam ye-short-wave, esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-welding kunye nokusika izinto ezincinci ezinobunzima obungaphantsi kwe-10mm kwishishini.Kunyango lwezonyango, Nd: YAG laser isetyenziselwa ukususa utyando okanye disinfect amanxeba endaweni scalpel.Neodymiumikwasetyenziselwa ukufaka imibala kwiglasi kunye nemathiriyeli yeceramic nanjengesongezo kwiimveliso zerabha.
5
Ipromethium (Pm)
I-Promethium sisiqalelo sokwenziwa ngeradioactive esiveliswe zizixhobo zenyukliya (imephu yedatha)
(1) Inokusetyenziswa njengomthombo wobushushu.Ukubonelela ngamandla ancedisayo ukuze kubonwe i-vacuum kunye nesathelayithi eyenziweyo.
(2)I-Pm147 ikhupha ii-β-ray zamandla aphantsi, ezinokusetyenziswa ukwenza iibhetri zecangci.Njengonikezelo lwamandla lwezixhobo zesikhokelo somjukujelwa kunye neewotshi.Olu hlobo lwebhetri luncinci ngobukhulu kwaye lunokusetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo iminyaka emininzi.Ukongeza, ipromethium ikwasetyenziswa kwisixhobo esiphathwayo seX-ray, ukulungiswa kwephosphor, ubungakanani bomlinganiselo kunye nesibane sebhakana.
6
eSamarium(Sm)
Metal samarium(imephu yedatha)
Smiluhlaza tyheli, kwaye yimathiriyeli ekrwada yeSm-Co umazibuthe osisigxina, kwaye iSm-Co umazibuthe ngowona mazibuthe wamandulo onqabileyo osetyenziswa kushishino.Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zemagnethi esisigxina: inkqubo ye-SmCo5 kunye nenkqubo ye-Sm2Co17.Ekuqaleni kwee-1970s, inkqubo ye-SmCo5 yaqanjwa, kwaye inkqubo ye-Sm2Co17 yasungulwa kwixesha elizayo.Ngoku imfuno yale yokugqibela inikwa kuqala.Ubunyulu beisamarium oxideisetyenziswe kwisamariumUmazibuthe we-cobalt akufuneki ube phezulu kakhulu.Ukuqwalasela iindleko, ikakhulu usebenzisa malunga ne-95% yeemveliso.Ukwengeza,isamarium oxideikwasetyenziswa kwi-ceramic capacitors kunye ne-catalysts.Ukwengeza,samariumineempawu zenyukliya, ezinokusetyenziswa njengezinto zolwakhiwo, imathiriyeli ekhuselayo kunye nemathiriyeli yokulawula iiathom zamandla eathom, ukuze amandla amakhulu aveliswa kukuqhekeka kwenyukliya asetyenziswe ngokukhuselekileyo.
7
Europium(I-EU)
I-Europium oxideumgubo (imephu yedatha)
I-Europium oxideisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiiphosphors (imephu yedatha)
Ngowe-1901, u-Eugene-Antole uDemarcay wafumanisa into entsha evela kwi "samarium", kuthiwaEuropium.Oku mhlawumbi kuthiwa ngegama elithi Yurophu.I-Europium oxideisetyenziswa kakhulu kumgubo wefluorescent.I-Eu3+ isetyenziswa njenge activator ye-phosphor ebomvu, kwaye i-Eu2+ isetyenziswa njenge-phosphor eluhlaza.Ngoku i-Y2O2S: i-Eu3 + yeyona phosphor igqwesileyo ekusebenzeni okukhanyayo, ukuzinza kokwambathisa kunye neendleko zokurisayikilishwa kwakhona.I-Europium oxideIkwasetyenziswa njengephosphor evuselelweyo kwinkqubo entsha yoxilongo lweX-reyi kwiminyaka yakutshanje.I-Europium oxideingasetyenziselwa ukwenza iilensi ezinemibala kunye nezihluzi zamehlo, kwizixhobo zokugcina iqamuza lamagnetic,Inokubonisa iitalente zayo kwizinto zolawulo, izixhobo ezikhuselayo kunye nezixhobo zolwakhiwo lwezixhobo zeathom.
8
Gadolinium(Gd)
Gadoliniumkunye ne-isotopu zayo zezona zifunxa i-neutron zisebenzayo kwaye zinokusetyenziswa njengezithinteli zezixhobo zenyukliya.(imephu yedatha)
(1) Indawo yayo yeparamagnetic enyibilikayo emanzini inokuphucula umqondiso wokucinga we-NMR womzimba womntu kunyango lwezonyango.
(2) I-sulphur oxide yayo ingasetyenziswa njengegridi ye-matrix ye-oscilloscope ityhubhu kunye nesikrini se-X-ray ngokukhanya okukhethekileyo.
(3)Gadolinium in GadoliniumI-Gallium Garnet yeyona ndawo ifanelekileyo yokongeza kwi-bubble memory.
(4) Ingasetyenziswa njengendawo eqinileyo yefriji yemagnethi ngaphandle kothintelo lomjikelo weCamot.
(5) Isetyenziswa njengesithinteli ukulawula inqanaba letsheyini lokusabela kwimizi-mveliso yamandla enyukliya ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukhuseleko lweentshukumo zenyukliya.
(6) Isetyenziswa njengesihlomelo sesamariumimagnethi ye-cobalt ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukusebenza akutshintshi kunye nobushushu.
9
Terbium(Tb)
I-Terbium oxideumgubo (imephu yedatha)
Ukusetyenziswa kweterbiumubukhulu becala ibandakanya intsimi yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, eyiprojekthi ephuma phambili enobuchwepheshe obunzulu kunye nolwazi olunzulu, kunye neprojekthi eneenzuzo ezimangalisayo zoqoqosho, ezinethemba lophuhliso olunomtsalane.
(1) Iiphosphors zisetyenziswa njenge activators of green powder in tricolor phosphors, ezifana neterbium-activated phosphate matrix, terbium-activated silicate matrix kunyeterbium-activated cerium-magnesium aluminate matrix, zonke zikhupha ukukhanya okuluhlaza kwimeko evuyayo.
(2) Izinto zokugcina iMagneto-optical.Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, izinto ze-terbium magneto-optical zifikelele kwisikali sokuvelisa ngobuninzi.Iidiski ze-Magneto-optical ezenziwe ngeefilimu ze-amorphous ze-Tb-Fe zisetyenziswa njengezinto zokugcina iikhomputha, kwaye amandla okugcina anyuswe ngama-10 ~ 15 amaxesha.
(3) iglasi yemagnethi,terbium-equkethe i-Faraday rotatory glass iyona nto ibalulekileyo yokuvelisa i-rotators, i-isolators kunye ne-annulators ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-laser technology.Ngokukodwa, uphuhliso lwe-TerFenol luvule isicelo esitsha se-Terfenol, into entsha efunyenwe kwi-1970s.Isiqingatha sale ngxubevange siqulatheterbiumkwayeidysprosium, ngamanye amaxesha kunyeiholmiumkwaye enye intsimbi.Ingxubevange yaphuhliswa okokuqala yiAmes Laboratory e-Iowa, eMelika.Xa i-Terfenol ifakwe kumhlaba wemagnethi, ubungakanani bayo butshintsha ngaphezu kobo bezinto eziqhelekileyo zemagnethi, ezinokuthi zenze iintshukumo ezichanekileyo zoomatshini.I-iron ye-Terbium dysprosium isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-sonar ekuqaleni, kwaye isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwiindawo ezininzi ezikhoyo ngoku.Ukususela kwi-injection ye-fuel injection system, ulawulo lwe-valve ye-liquid, i-micro-positioning, kwi-activators mechanical, iindlela kunye nokulawulwa kwamaphiko kwiiteleskopu zendawo yendiza.
10
Dysprosium(Dy)
Metal dysprosium(imephu yedatha)
(1) Njengesongezo semagnethi esisigxina ye-NdFeB, idibanisa malunga ne-2 ~ 3%idysprosiumkule magnethi inokuphucula amandla ayo okunyanzela.Kwixesha elidlulileyo, imfuno yeidysprosiumyayingenkulu, kodwa ngokunyuka kwemfuno yeemagnethi ze-NdFeB, yaba yinto eyimfuneko yokongeza, kwaye ibakala kufuneka libe malunga ne-95 ~ 99.9%, kunye nemfuno nayo yanda ngokukhawuleza.
(2)Dysprosiumisetyenziswa njenge activator ye phosphor.I-Trivalentidysprosiumyiyoni ethembisayo yezixhobo ze-tricolor luminescent ezineziko elilodwa lokukhanya.Ikakhulu iqulathe amabhanti amabini e-emission, enye ikukukhutshwa kokukhanya okutyheli, enye kukuphuma kokukhanya okuluhlaza.Iimathiriyeli ze-luminescent zidibeneidysprosiuminokusetyenziswa njenge-phosphors ye-tricolor.
(3)Dysprosiumyimathiriyeli yesinyithi eyimfuneko yokulungiselela i-Terfenol ialloy kwi-magnetostrictive alloy, enokuqonda imisebenzi ethile echanekileyo yokunyakaza koomatshini.
(4)Dysprosium metalinokusetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokugcina imagneto-optical enesantya esiphezulu sokurekhoda kunye novakalelo lokufunda.
(5) Isetyenziswe kulungiselelo lweidysprosiumizibane, into esebenzayo esetyenziswa kuyoidysprosiumizibane yi-iodide ye-dysprosium, enenzuzo yokukhanya okuphezulu, umbala omhle, ukushisa kombala ophezulu, ubungakanani obuncinci, i-arc ezinzileyo kunye nokunye, kwaye isetyenziswe njengomthombo wokukhanyisa ifilimu kunye nokushicilela.
(6)Dysprosiumisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa amandla e-neutron okanye njenge-neutron absorber kushishino lwamandla e-atom ngenxa ye-neutron enkulu yokubamba indawo enqamlezayo.
7Ngophuhliso lwenzululwazi kunye nethekhinoloji, imimandla yokusetyenziswa kweidysprosiumiya kwandiswa kwaye yandiswe ngokuqhubekayo.
11
IHolmium(Ho)
Ho-Fe ingxubevange(imephu yedatha)
Okwangoku, intsimi yesicelo sesinyithi kufuneka iphuhliswe ngakumbi, kwaye ukusetyenziswa akukhulu kakhulu.Kutshanje, iUmhlaba onqabileyoIziko loPhando leBaotou Steel liye lamkela ubushushu obuphezulu kunye neteknoloji yokucoca i-vacuum distillation ephezulu, kwaye yaphuhlisa isinyithi esisulungekileyo esiphezulu se-Qin Ho/> RE> 99.9% kunye nomxholo ophantsi we-non-umhlaba onqabileyoukungcola.
Okwangoku, olona setyenziso luphambili lwezitshixo zezi:
(1) Njengesongezo sesibane sentsimbi yehalogen, isibane sehalogen luhlobo lwesibane sokukhupha igesi, esiphuhliswa ngesiseko sesibane semercury soxinzelelo oluphezulu, kwaye uphawu lwaso kukuba ibhalbhu izaliswe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.indlebe enqabileyoh halides.Okwangoku, iodide yomhlaba enqabileyo isetyenziswa kakhulu, ekhupha imigca ye-spectral eyahlukeneyo xa igesi iphuma.Into esebenzayo esetyenziswa kwisibane sentsimbi yi-qiniodide, ukuxinwa okuphezulu kwee-athomu zentsimbi kunokufumaneka kwindawo ye-arc, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kwemitha.
(2) Intsimbi ingasetyenziswa njengesongezo sokurekhoda intsimbi okanye ibhiliyoni yegarnet yealuminiyam
(3) I-Khin-doped aluminium garnet (Ho: YAG) inokukhupha i-laser ye-2um, kwaye izinga lokufunxa i-2um laser ngezicubu zomntu liphezulu, phantse imiyalelo emithathu yobukhulu obuphezulu kune-Hd: YAG.Ngoko ke, xa usebenzisa i-Ho: i-laser ye-YAG yokusebenza kwezonyango, ayikwazi nje ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuchaneka, kodwa nokunciphisa indawo yomonakalo we-thermal kubukhulu obuncinci.Umqa okhululekileyo owenziwe yikristale yokutshixa unokuphelisa amanqatha ngaphandle kokuvelisa ubushushu obugqithisileyo, Ukuze kuncitshiswe umonakalo oshushu kwizicubu eziphilileyo, kuxelwe ukuba unyango lwe-w-laser lweglaucoma eUnited States lunokunciphisa intlungu yotyando. ye-2um laser crystal e-China ifikelele kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe, ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukuphuhlisa nokuvelisa olu hlobo lwe-laser crystal.
(4) Isixa esincinci se-Cr sinokongezwa kwi-magnetostrictive alloy Terfenol-D ukunciphisa intsimi yangaphandle efunekayo kwi-saturation magnetic.
(5) Ukongeza, i-iron doped fiber ingasetyenziselwa ukwenza i-fiber laser, i-fiber amplifier, i-fiber sensor kunye nezinye izixhobo zonxibelelwano ze-optical, eziza kudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kunxibelelwano lwanamhlanje olukhawulezayo.
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Erbium(ER)
I-Erbium oxideumgubo (itshathi yolwazi)
(1) Ukukhutshwa kokukhanya kwe-Er3 + kwi-1550nm kubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo, kuba le wavelength ifumaneka kwilahleko ephantsi ye-fiber optical kunxibelelwano lwefiber optical.Emva kokuvuyiswa ngukukhanya kwe-980nm kunye ne-1480nm, i-bait ion (Er3 +) idlula ukusuka kumhlaba ophantsi 4115 / 2 ukuya kwi-4I13 / 2 yamandla aphezulu. ikhupha ukukhanya kwe-1550nm.Ifayibha yequartz inokuhambisa ukukhanya kobude obahlukeneyo, nangona kunjalo, izinga lokuthomalalisa le-1550nm lelona lisezantsi (0.15 dB / km), eliphantse libe ngumda osezantsi wokuthomalalisa. isetyenziswe njengokukhanya kwesignali kwi-1550 nm. Ngale ndlela, ukuba ugxininiso olufanelekileyo lwe-bait luxutywe kwi-matrix efanelekileyo, i-amplifier inokuhlawula ilahleko kwinkqubo yonxibelelwano ngokomgaqo we-laser, ngoko ke, kuthungelwano lwe-telecommunication network. idinga ukukhulisa isignali ye-1550nm ye-optical, i-bait doped fiber amplifier sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokukhanya.Okwangoku, i-bait doped silica fiber amplifier iye yathengiswa.Kuxelwa ukuba ukuze ugweme ukufunxa okungenamsebenzi, inani le-doped kwi-fiber optical ngamashumi ukuya kumakhulu e-ppm.Uphuhliso olukhawulezayo lonxibelelwano lwe-fiber optical luya kuvula iindawo ezintsha zesicelo. .
(2) (2) Ukongeza, i-laser ye-laser ye-bait doped crystal kunye nemveliso yayo ye-1730nm laser kunye ne-1550nm laser ikhuselekile emehlweni abantu, ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-atmospheric transmission, isakhono esinamandla sokungena kwidabi lomsi, ukhuseleko oluhle, akukho lula ukubonwa utshaba, kwaye umahluko wemitha yeethagethi zomkhosi mkhulu.Yenziwe ibe yi-laser rangefinder ephathekayo ekhuselekileyo emehlweni abantu ekusetyenzisweni emkhosini.
3
(4) Er3 + ingasetyenziswa njenge ion esebenzayo kwiumhlaba onqabileyoizixhobo laser upconversion.
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Thulium(TM)
Emva kokukhanyiswa kwi-reactor yenyukliya,thuliumivelisa isotopu enokukhupha iX-reyi, enokusetyenziswa njengomthombo weX-reyi ephathekayo (imephu yedatha)
(1)Thuliumisetyenziswa njengomthombo wemitha yomatshini ophathwayo weX-reyi.Emva kokuba i-irradiated kwi-reactor yenyukliya, i-TM ivelisa uhlobo lwe-isotope olunokukhupha i-X-reyi, enokusetyenziswa ukwenza i-irradiator yegazi ephathekayo.Olu hlobo lweradiometer inokutshintsha i-yu-169 ibe yi-TM-170 phantsi kwesenzo se-beam ephezulu kunye nephakathi, kwaye isasaze i-X-ray ukuze i-irradiate igazi kunye nokunciphisa iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi.Zezi seli zegazi ezimhlophe ezibangela ukwaliwa ukutshintshwa kwamalungu, ukuze kuncitshiswe ukwaliwa kwangoko kwamalungu.
(2) (2)Thuliumingasetyenziselwa ukuxilongwa kweklinikhi kunye nonyango lwethumba ngenxa yobudlelwane bayo obuphezulu kwizicubu zethumba, umhlaba onzima onqabileyo uhambelana ngakumbi kunokukhanya.umhlaba onqabileyo, ingakumbi unxulumano lwe Yu yeyona inkulu.
3 Ithamo lemitha yi-50%, enentsingiselo ebalulekileyo ebonakalayo kwisicelo sonyango.
(4) (4) Isibane se-metal halide sinokusetyenziswa njengesongezo kumthombo wokukhanyisa omtsha.
5 yezinto ezinqabileyo zokuguqulwa kwelaser emhlabeni.
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Ytterbium(Yb)
Ytterbium metal(imephu yedatha)
(1) Njengoko i-thermal shielding coating material.Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba isibuko sinokuphucula ukuxhathisa kwe-corrosion ye-electrodeposited zinc coating ngokucacileyo, kwaye ubungakanani beenkozo zokugquma ngesibuko buncinci kunobo bengubo ngaphandle kwesibuko.
2 imagnetostriction enkulu.
(3) Into yesipili esetyenziselwa ukulinganisa uxinzelelo.Iimvavanyo zibonisa ukuba uvakalelo lwesibuko luphezulu kuluhlu loxinzelelo olulinganisiweyo, oluvula indlela entsha yokusetyenziswa kwesibuko kumlinganiselo woxinzelelo.
(4) Ukuzaliswa okusekwe kwintlaka kwimingxuma yemolars ukuze kuthathelwe indawo isilivere ye-amalgam edla ngokusetyenziswa kwixesha elidlulileyo.
(5) Abaphengululi baseJapan bagqibe ngempumelelo ukulungiswa kwe-mirror-doped vanadium baht garnet embekelwe umgca we-waveguide laser, obaluleke kakhulu ekuphuhliseni ngakumbi ubugcisa belaser.Ukongeza, isibuko sikwasetyenziselwa i-activator ye-fluorescent powder, i-radioceramics, into yememori yekhompyutheni ye-elektroniki (i-bubble magnetic) eyongezelelweyo, i-glass fiber flux kunye ne-optical glass additive, njl.
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Lutetium(Lu)
I-Lutetium oxideumgubo (imephu yedatha)
Ikristale yeYttrium lutetium silicate (imephu yedatha)
(1) yenza ialloyi ezikhethekileyo.Ngokomzekelo, i-lutetium aluminiyam ialloy ingasetyenziselwa uhlalutyo lwe-neutron yokuvuselela.
(2) Izinzileilutetiumii-nuclides zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqhekekeni kwe-petroleum, i-alkylation, i-hydrogenation kunye ne-polymerization.
(3) Ukongezwa kwentsimbi ye-yttrium okanye i-yttrium aluminium garnet kunokuphucula ezinye iimpawu.
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5Iimvavanyo zibonisa ukuba i-lutetium-doped NYAB crystal iphezulu kwi-crystal ye-NYAB kwi-optical uniformity kunye nokusebenza kwe-laser.
(6) Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukubailutetiuminezicelo ezinokubakho kumboniso we-electrochromic kunye ne-low-dimensional semiconductors yemolekyuli.Ukwengeza,ilutetiumIkwasetyenziswa kwitekhnoloji yebhetri yamandla kunye ne-activator ye-phosphor.
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Yttrium(y)
Yttriumisetyenziswa ngokubanzi, i-yttrium aluminium garnet ingasetyenziselwa izinto ze-laser, i-yttrium iron garnet isetyenziselwa iteknoloji ye-microwave kunye nokudluliselwa kwamandla acoustic, kunye ne-europium-doped yttrium vanadate kunye ne-europium-dopedi-yttrium oxidezisetyenziswa njenge phosphors kwiiseti zeTV ezinemibala.(imephu yedatha)
(1) Izongezo zentsimbi kunye ne-non-ferrous alloys.I-alloy ye-FeCr ihlala iqulethe i-0.5-4%iyttrium, enokuphucula ukuxhathisa kwe-oxidation kunye ne-ductility yezi zinsimbi ezingenasici;Iipropati ezibanzi ze-MB26 alloy ngokucacileyo ziphuculwe ngokongeza inani elifanelekileyo le-yttrium-rich-rich mix.umhlaba onqabileyo, ezinokuthatha indawo yealloyi yealuminiyam esomeleleyo kwaye isetyenziswe kumacandelo anoxinzelelo lwenqwelomoya.Ukongeza inani elincinci le-yttrium-richumhlaba onqabileyokwialloyi ye-Al-Zr,I-conductivity yaloo ngxubevange ingaphucuka;I-alloy yamkelwe ngobuninzi beefektri zocingo e-China.Ukongeza i-yttrium kwi-alloy yobhedu iphucula i-conductivity kunye namandla omatshini.
(2) Izinto ze-silicon nitride ceramic eziqulathe i-6%iyttriumkunye ne-2% ye-aluminiyam ingasetyenziselwa ukuphuhlisa iindawo ze-injini.
(3) I-Nd: Y: Al: I-Garnet laser beam enamandla eewatts ezingama-400 isetyenziselwa ukomba, ukusika kunye nokuwelda izinto ezinkulu.
(4) Isikrini se-electron microscope esenziwe yi-Y-Al garnet ikristale enye inokukhanya okuphezulu kwe-fluorescence, ukufunxa okuphantsi kokukhanya okuthe saa, kunye nokumelana nobushushu obuphezulu kunye nokumelana nokunxiba koomatshini.
(5) PhezuluiyttriumI-alloy yesakhiwo equlethe i-90% yttrium ingasetyenziswa kwinqwelomoya kunye nezinye iindawo ezifuna uxinano oluphantsi kunye nendawo ephezulu yokunyibilika.
(6) I-Yttrium-doped SrZrO3 yobushushu obuphezulu beproton izinto eziqhubayo, ezitsala ingqwalasela enkulu ngoku, zibaluleke kakhulu ekuvelisweni kweeseli zamafutha, iiseli ze-electrolytic kunye ne-gas sensors ezifuna ukunyibilika kwe-hydrogen ephezulu.Ukwengeza,iyttriumIkwasetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokutshiza sobushushu obuphezulu, idiluent ye-atomic reactor fuel, i-additive for permanent materials magnetic, kunye ne-getter kushishino lombane.
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Scandium(Sc)
Metal scandium(imephu yedatha)
Xa kuthelekiswa ne-yttrium kunye ne-lanthanide element, i-scandium ine-radius encinci ye-ionic kunye ne-alkalinity ebuthathaka ngakumbi ye-hydroxide.Ngoko ke, niniscandiumkunye nezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zixutywa kunye,scandiumiya kudlula kuqala xa iphathwa ngeammonia (okanye idilute kakhulu ialkali), ngoko inokwahlulwa ngokululaumhlaba onqabileyoizinto ngendlela ye "fractional precipitation".Enye indlela kukusebenzisa i-polarization decomposition ye-nitrate yokwahlula.I-nitrate ye-scandium yeyona nto ilula ukubola, ngaloo ndlela ifezekisa injongo yokuhlukana.
I-Sc inokufunyanwa nge-electrolysis.I-ScCl3, i-KCl kunye ne-LiCl ziyanyibilika ngexesha lokucocwa kwe-scandium, kwaye i-zinc etyhidiweyo isetyenziswa njenge-cathode ye-electrolysis, ukuzescandiumi-precipitated kwi-electrode ye-zinc, kwaye i-zinc iyaphuphuma ukuze ifumanescandium.Ukwengeza,scandiumifumaneka ngokulula xa kusetyenzwa intsimbi ekrwada ukuvelisa iuranium, thorium kunye nelanthanide element.Ukuchacha ngokupheleleyo okuhambelanayoscandiumukusuka kwi-tungsten kunye ne-tin ore ikwangomnye wemithombo ebalulekileyo yescandium.Scandiumubukhulu becala ikwimeko ye-trivalent kwikhompawundi, ethi ifakwe kwi-oxidized ngokululaSc2O3emoyeni kwaye ilahlekelwe yintsimbi yentsimbi kwaye ijike ibe ngwevu emnyama.
Usetyenziso oluphambili lwescandiumzezi:
(1)Scandiuminokusabela ngamanzi ashushu ukukhupha i-hydrogen, kwaye iphinda inyibilike kwi-asidi, ngoko iyi-arhente yokunciphisa eyomeleleyo.
(2)I-Scandium oxidekunye ne-hydroxide yialkaline kuphela, kodwa uthuthu lwetyuwa yalo alunakwenzeka ukuba i-hydrolyzed.I-Scandium chloride yikristale emhlophe, inyibilika emanzini kunye ne-deliquescent emoyeni.
(3) Kwishishini lesinyithi,scandiumisoloko isetyenziselwa ukwenza i-alloys (i-additives of alloys) ukuphucula amandla, ukuqina, ukumelana nobushushu kunye nokusebenza kwee-alloys.Umzekelo, ukongeza inani elincinci lescandiumkwintsimbi etyhidiweyo inokuphucula kakhulu iipropati zentsimbi etyhidiweyo, ngelixa idibanisa inani elincinci lescandiumkwi-aluminium inokuphucula amandla ayo kunye nokumelana nobushushu.
(4) Kushishino lombane,scandiumingasetyenziswa njengezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zesemiconductor.Umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-scandium sulfite kwi-semiconductors kuye kwatsala umdla ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, kunye ne-ferrite equkethe.scandiumiyathembisa nakwi-computer magnetic cores.
(5) Kwishishini lemichiza,scandiumi-compound isetyenziswa njenge-alcohol dehydrogenation kunye ne-dehydration agent, eyi-catalyst esebenzayo yokuvelisa i-ethylene kunye ne-chlorine kwinkunkuma ye-hydrochloric acid.
(6) Kwishishini leglasi, iiglasi ezikhethekileyo eziqulethescandiuminokuveliswa.
(7) Kwishishini lomthombo wokukhanya kombane,scandiumkunye nezibane zesodium ezenziwescandiumkunye nesodium ineenzuzo zokusebenza okuphezulu kunye nombala wokukhanya okhanyayo.
(8)Scandiumikhona ngokohlobo lwe-45Sc ngokwendalo.Ukongeza, kukho ii-isotopes ezilithoba ze-radioactiveScandium, oko kukuthi 40~44Sc kunye ne-46~49Sc.Phakathi kwazo, i-46Sc, njenge-tracer, isetyenziswe kwishishini lemichiza, i-metallurgy kunye ne-oceanography.Kwezamayeza, kukho abantu baphesheya abafunda besebenzisa i46Sc ukunyanga umhlaza.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-09-2021