CeO2waa qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah walxaha dhifka ah ee dhulka.Thecuriyaha dhulka naadir ceriumwaxay leedahay qaab-dhismeed koronto oo dibadda ah oo gaar ah - 4f15d16s2.Lakabkeeda gaarka ah ee 4f ayaa si wax ku ool ah u kaydin kara una sii dayn kara elektarooniga, taasoo ka dhigaysa cerium ions inay u dhaqmaan+3 valence state iyo+4 valence state.Sidaa darteed, alaabta CeO2 waxay leeyihiin godad ogsijiin badan, waxayna leeyihiin awood aad u fiican oo ay ku kaydiyaan oo ay sii daayaan ogsijiinta.Isbeddelka wadajirka ah ee Ce (III) iyo Ce (IV) ayaa sidoo kale ku siinaya agabka CeO2 awoodo yareyn-ogsideyn gaar ah.Marka la barbar dhigo qalabka bulk, nano CeO2, oo ah nooc cusub oo ah walxo aan dabiici ahayn, ayaa helay fiiro gaar ah sababtoo ah aagga sare ee gaarka ah ee sare, kaydinta oksijiinta iyo awoodda sii deynta ee wanaagsan, kororka ion oxygen, waxqabadka redox, iyo heerkul sare oo degdeg ah oo bannaan oo bannaan oo oksijiin ah karti.Hadda waxaa jira tiro badan oo warbixino cilmi baaris ah iyo codsiyo la xiriira iyadoo la isticmaalayo nano CeO2 sida kicinta, sideyaasha ama wax lagu daro, qaybaha firfircoon, iyo adsorbents.
1. Habka diyaarinta ee nanometercerium oxide
Waqtigan xaadirka ah, hababka diyaarinta ee caadiga ah ee nano ceria inta badan waxaa ka mid ah habka kiimikada iyo habka jirka.Marka loo eego hababka kiimikada ee kala duwan, hababka kiimikada waxaa loo qaybin karaa habka roobka, habka hydrothermal, habka solvothermal, habka sol gel, habka microemulsion iyo habka electrodeposition;Habka jireed inta badan waa habka shiididda.
1.1 Habka wax shiida
Habka shiida ee loogu talagalay diyaarinta nano ceria guud ahaan waxay isticmaashaa shiidid ciid, kaas oo leh faa'iidooyinka qiimaha jaban, saaxiibtinimo deegaanka, xawaaraha wax qabad ee degdega ah, iyo awoodda farsamaynta xooggan.Hadda waa habka ugu muhiimsan ee wax-soo-saarka warshadaha nano ceria.Tusaale ahaan, diyaarinta nano cerium oxide polishing budada guud ahaan waxay qaadataa isku darka calcination iyo ciid shiidi, iyo alaabta ceeriin ee kicinta denitration ku salaysan cerium ayaa sidoo kale lagu qaso daawaynta ka hor ama la daaweeyaa ka dib calcination iyadoo la isticmaalayo shiidid ciid.Adigoo isticmaalaya cabbirka qaybaha kala duwan ee cabbirrada ciidda shiida saamiga tuul, nano ceria leh D50 oo u dhexeeya tobanaan ilaa boqollaal nanometer ayaa lagu heli karaa habayn.
1.2 Habka roobabka
Habka roobka ayaa loola jeedaa habka loo diyaariyo budada adag ee roobka, kala soocida, dhaqida, qalajinta, iyo calcination ee alaabta ceeriin ee lagu milmay dareerayaasha ku habboon.Habka roobka ayaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa diyaarinta dhul naadir ah iyo nanomaterials doped, oo leh faa'iidooyin sida habka diyaarinta fudud, waxtarka sare, iyo qiimo jaban.Waa hab caadi loo isticmaalo diyaarinta nano ceria iyo agabkeeda isku dhafan ee warshadaha.Habkani wuxuu diyaarin karaa nano ceria oo leh qaab-dhismeed kala duwan iyo cabbirka walxaha iyadoo la beddelayo heerkulka roobka, xoogga saarista, qiimaha pH, xawaaraha roobka, xawaaraha walaaqaya, template, iwm. Hababka caadiga ah waxay ku tiirsan yihiin roobabka cerium ions ee ka yimaada ammonia oo ay dhaliso urea, iyo diyaarinta nano ceria microspheres waxaa gacanta ku haya citrate ions.Haddii kale, cerium ions waxaa soo daadin kara OH - oo laga soo saaro hydrolysis of sodium citrate, ka dibna la kariyey oo la kariyo si loo diyaariyo jajab sida nano ceria microspheres.
1.3 Hababka Hydrothermal iyo Solvothermal
Labadan hab waxay tixraacayaan habka diyaarinta alaabooyinka heerkulka sare iyo falcelinta cadaadiska sare ee heerkulka muhiimka ah ee nidaamka xiran.Marka dareeraha falcelintu uu yahay biyo, waxaa loo yaqaan habka hydrothermal.Isla sidaas oo kale, marka dareeraha falcelinta uu yahay dareere organic, waxaa loo yaqaan habka solvothermal.Qaybaha nano-isku-dhafka ah waxay leeyihiin nadiif sare, kala firidhsan wanaagsan iyo qaybo isku mid ah, gaar ahaan budada nano ee leh qaab-dhismeedka kala duwan ama wejiyada crystal-ka ee gaarka ah.Ku milmi cerium chloride biyaha la kariyey, walaaq oo ku dar xal sodium hydroxide.Ka fal celi kuleylka kuleylka 170 ℃ 12 saacadood si aad ugu diyaariso cerium oxide nanorods leh (111) iyo (110) dayuurado crystal ah.Iyadoo la hagaajinayo xaaladaha falcelinta, saamiga (110) dayuuradaha crystal-ka ee diyaaradaha crystal-ka ah waa la kordhin karaa, taasoo sii wanaajineysa dhaqdhaqaaqooda kicinta.Hagaajinta dareeraha falcelinta iyo isku xidhka dusha sare waxay sidoo kale soo saari kartaa qaybo nano ceria ah oo leh hydrophilicity gaar ah ama lipophilicity.Tusaale ahaan, ku darida ions acetate ee wajiga aqueous waxay diyaarin kartaa monodisperse hydrophilic cerium oxide nanoparticles biyaha.Adiga oo dooranaya dareeraha aan dabaylaha ahayn iyo soo bandhigida oleic acid sida ligand inta lagu jiro falcelinta, monodisperse lipophilic ceria nanoparticles ayaa lagu diyaarin karaa dareerayaasha organic-ga ah ee aan cirridka ahayn.(Fiiri sawirka 1)
Jaantuska 1 Monodisperse nano ceria spherical iyo nano ceria usha u qaabaysan
1.4 Sol gel habka
Habka sol gel waa hab u adeegsada qayb ama dhawr isku-dhisyo ah oo horudhac ah, oo sameeya fal-celin kiimikaad ah sida hydrolysis ee wejiga dareeraha ah ee sol, ka dibna sameeya jel ka dib gabowga, ugu dambeyntiina qallajiya iyo calcines si loo diyaariyo budada ultrafine.Habkani wuxuu si gaar ah ugu habboon yahay diyaarinta aadka loo kala firdhiyey ee nano ceria ka kooban nanomaterials, sida cerium iron, cerium titanium, cerium zirconium iyo nano oxides kale oo isku dhafan, kuwaas oo lagu soo warramey warbixino badan.
1.5 Hababka kale
Marka lagu daro hababka kor ku xusan, waxaa sidoo kale jira habka looshanka yar yar, habka isku dhafka microwave, habka electrodeposition, habka gubashada ololka plasma, habka xuubka ion-exchange electrolysis iyo habab kale oo badan.Hababkani waxay muhiimad weyn u leeyihiin cilmi-baarista iyo adeegsiga nano ceria.
Codsiga 2-nanometer cerium oxide ee daaweynta biyaha
Cerium waa cunsurka ugu badan ee ka mid ah walxaha dhifka ah ee dhulka, oo leh qiime jaban iyo codsiyo ballaaran.Nanometer ceria iyo ka kooban yahay ayaa soo jiitay dareen badan oo ku saabsan berrinkii daaweynta biyaha ay sabab u tahay meel sare oo gaar ah oo ay leeyihiin, dhaqdhaqaaqa catalytic sare iyo xasilloonida qaab dhismeedka wanaagsan.
2.1 CodsigaNano Cerium OxideDaawaynta Biyaha ee Habka Adsorption
Sannadihii u dambeeyay, iyada oo la horumarinayo warshado ay ka mid yihiin warshadaha elektaroonigga ah, xaddi badan oo biyaha wasakh ah oo ay ku jiraan wasakhaha sida birta culus iyo ion fluorine ayaa la sii daayay.Xataa marka la eego tirada badan, waxay u keeni kartaa waxyeello la taaban karo noolaha biyaha iyo deegaanka nolosha aadanaha.Hababka sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalo waxaa ka mid ah oksaydheynta, sabbeynta, osmosis-ka, adsorption, nanofiltration, biosorption, iwm. Waxaa ka mid ah, tignoolajiyada xayeysiinta ayaa inta badan la qaataa sababtoo ah hawlgalkeeda fudud, qiimo jaban, iyo waxtarka daaweynta sare.Qalabka Nano CeO2 waxay leeyihiin meel sare oo gaar ah iyo dhaqdhaqaaq sare oo dusha sare ah sida adsorbents, waxaana jiray warbixino badan oo ku saabsan isku dhafka nano CeO2 ee daloolka leh iyo walxaha isku dhafan ee leh qaabab kala duwan si ay u dhajiyaan oo ay uga saaraan ions waxyeellada biyaha.
Cilmi-baaristu waxay muujisay in nano ceria ay leedahay awood adsorption oo xooggan oo loogu talagalay F - biyaha hoostooda xaaladaha acidic daciifka ah.Xalka ugu horreeya ee F - ee 100mg / L iyo pH = 5-6, awoodda xayeysiinta ee F - waa 23mg / g, iyo heerka saarista F - waa 85.6%.Ka dib markaad ku shubto kubbadda resin polyacrylic acid (qadarka xajinta: 0.25g / g), awoodda saarista F - waxay gaari kartaa in ka badan 99% marka la daaweynayo mugga siman ee 100mg / L ee F - xal aqueous;Marka la farsameeyo 120 jeer mugga, in ka badan 90% F - waa laga saari karaa.Marka loo isticmaalo in lagu xayeysiiyo fosfat iyo iodate, awoodda xayeysiinta waxay gaari kartaa in ka badan 100mg/g iyada oo loo eegayo xaaladda xayeysiinta ugu habboon.Maaddada la isticmaalay ayaa dib loo isticmaali karaa ka dib marka la nadiifiyo fudud iyo daaweynta dhexdhexaadinta, taas oo leh faa'iidooyin dhaqaale oo sarreeya.
Waxaa jira daraasado badan oo ku saabsan adsorption iyo daawaynta biraha culus ee sunta ah sida arsenic, chromium, cadmium, iyo rasaasta iyadoo la adeegsanayo nano ceria iyo agabkeeda isku dhafan.pH-ga ugu fiican ee adsorption waxay ku kala duwan tahay ions birta culus oo leh gobolo kala duwan.Tusaale ahaan, xaaladda daciifka ah ee alkaline ee dhexdhexaadka ah ayaa leh xaaladda ugu wanaagsan ee xayeysiinta ee As (III), halka heerka ugu fiican ee As (V) lagu gaaro xaaladaha acidic daciif ah, halkaasoo awoodda xayeysiinta ay gaari karto in ka badan 110mg / g labadaba labadaba. shuruudaha.Guud ahaan, isku dhafka la wanaajiyey ee nano ceria iyo agabkeeda isku dhafan waxay gaari karaan xayaysiin sare iyo heerar ka saarista ayoonooyinka birta culus ee kala duwan ee kala duwan pH ballaaran.
Dhanka kale, cerium oxide ku salaysan nanomaterials sidoo kale waxay leeyihiin waxqabad aad u fiican in adsorbing organics ee biyaha wasakhda ah, sida orange acid, rhodamine B, Congo cas, iwm. Tusaale ahaan, xaaladaha jira ee la soo sheegay, nano ceria spheres dalool oo ay diyaariyeen hababka korantada ayaa leh sare. Awoodda adsorption ee ka saarista midabada organic, gaar ahaan ka saarista casaanka Congo, oo leh awoodda xayeysiinta ee 942.7mg / g 60 daqiiqo.
2.2 Codsiga nano ceria ee habka oksaydhka Sare
Habka oksaydhaynta sare (AOPs ee gaaban) ayaa la soo jeediyay si loo hagaajiyo nidaamka daawaynta anhydrous ee jira.Habka oksaydhka sare, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano tignoolajiyada oksaydheynta qoto dheer, waxaa lagu gartaa soo saarida xaglaha hydroxyl (· OH), radical superoxide (· O2 -), oksijiinta hal-abuurka ah, iwm oo leh awood oksaydh oo xooggan.Marka la eego xaaladaha falcelinta heerkulka sare iyo cadaadiska, korontada, codka, iftiinka iftiinka, kicinta, iwm. Marka loo eego hababka kala duwan ee soo saarida xagjirnimada xorta ah iyo xaaladaha falcelinta, waxaa loo qaybin karaa oxidation photochemical, oxidation qoyan qoyan, sonochemistry oxidation, ozone oxidation, oksidation electrochemical, Fenton oxidation, iwm. (eeg sawirka 2).
Jaantuska 2 Kala-saarida iyo Isku-dhafka Tignoolajiyada ee habka oksaydhka Sare
Nano ceriawaa kicine kala duwan oo caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo habka oksaydhaynta sare.Isbeddelka degdega ah ee u dhexeeya Ce3+ iyo Ce4+ iyo saamaynta yaraynta oksaydhka ee degdegga ah ee ay keentay nuugista ogsijiinta iyo sii daynta, nano ceria waxay leedahay awood firfircooni leh oo wanaagsan.Marka loo isticmaalo dhiirigeliyaha kicinta ah, waxa ay sidoo kale si wax ku ool ah u wanaajin kartaa awoodda iyo xasiloonida catalytic.Marka nano ceria iyo agabkeeda isku dhafan loo isticmaalo kicin ahaan, sifooyinka kicinta ayaa aad ugu kala duwan qaab-dhismeedka, cabbirka walxaha, iyo dayuuradaha crystal-ka ee daaha ka qaaday, kuwaas oo ah qodobbada muhiimka ah ee saameeya waxqabadkooda iyo codsigooda.Waxaa guud ahaan la rumeysan yahay in qaybaha yar yar iyo weynaanta aagga gaarka ah, goobta firfircoon ee u dhiganta, iyo awoodda awoodda kicinta ee xooggan.Awoodda catalytic ee dusha sare ee crystal-ka, laga bilaabo mid xoog badan ilaa daciif ah, waxay u kala horreeyaan (100) dusha crystal>(110) dusha crystal>(111) oogada crystal, iyo xasiloonida u dhiganta waa ka soo horjeeda.
Cerium oxide waa walxo semiconductor ah.Marka nanometer cerium oxide ay ku nuuxnuuxsato photons leh tamar ka sareysa farqiga band, electrons band valence waa faraxsan, iyo dhaqanka dib-u-habaynta kala-guurka ayaa dhacaya.Dabeecaddani waxay kor u qaadi doontaa heerka beddelka ee Ce3+iyo Ce4+, taasoo keentay firfircoonida sawir-qaadista ee nano ceria.Photocatalysis waxay gaari kartaa hoos u dhac toos ah oo ku saabsan walxaha dabiiciga ah iyada oo aan la helin wasakhda labaad, sidaa darteed codsigeeda ayaa ah tignoolajiyada ugu badan ee la bartay ee nano ceria ee AOPs.Waqtigan xaadirka ah, diiradda ugu weyni waxay tahay daawaynta xaalufka catalytic ee midabada azo, phenol, chlorobenzene, iyo biyaha wasakhda daawada iyadoo la adeegsanayo kiciyayaal leh qaab-dhismeedyo kala duwan iyo isku dhafan.Sida lagu sheegay warbixinta, iyadoo la raacayo habka isku-darka kicinta ee la hagaajiyay iyo xaaladaha moodeelka, awoodda nabaad-guurka ee maaddooyinkani waxay guud ahaan gaari karaan in ka badan 80%, iyo awoodda saarista Total organic carbon (TOC) waxay gaari kartaa in ka badan 40%.
Nano cerium oxide catalysis ee hoos u dhaca wasakhowga organic sida ozone iyo hydrogen peroxide waa tignoolajiyada kale ee si weyn loo bartay.Si la mid ah sawir-qaadista, waxay sidoo kale diiradda saartaa awoodda nano ceria oo leh qaabab kala duwan ama diyaarado crystal ah iyo cerium kala duwan oo ku salaysan oksidhiyeyaasha catalytic ee isku dhafan si ay u oksijiyeen oo ay u yareeyaan wasakhowga dabiiciga ah.Dareen-celinta noocan oo kale ah, kiciyayaashu waxay kicin karaan jiilka tiro badan oo xag-jir ah oo firfircoon oo ka imanaya ozone ama hydrogen peroxide, kuwaas oo weerara wasakhowga dabiiciga ah oo ay ku gaaraan awoodo wax ku ool ah oo waxtar leh.Sababtoo ah soo bandhigida oksidayaasha ee falcelinta, awoodda in laga saaro xeryahooda organic si weyn ayaa loo xoojiyay.Inta badan falcelinta, heerka ka saarista kama dambaysta ah ee walaxda la beegsanayo waxay gaari kartaa ama u dhowaan kartaa 100%, iyo heerka saarista TOC sidoo kale waa ka sarreeyaa.
Habka oksaydhka sare ee elektrocatalytic, sifooyinka walxaha anode ee leh kobcinta oksijiinta sare ee awoodda ayaa go'aamisa xulashada habka oksaydhka sare ee elektrocatalytic ee lagu daweeyo wasakhowga organic.Maaddada cathode waa arrin muhiim ah oo go'aamisa wax-soo-saarka H2O2, iyo wax-soo-saarka H2O2 ayaa go'aaminaya waxtarka habka oksaydhka sare ee korantada ee lagu daweeyo wasakhowga organic.Daraasadda wax ka beddelka walxaha korantada iyadoo la adeegsanayo nano ceria waxay heshay fiiro gaar ah gudaha iyo dibedda labadaba.Cilmi-baadhayaashu waxay inta badan soo bandhigaan nano cerium oxide iyo walxaha isku dhafan iyada oo loo marayo habab kiimiko oo kala duwan si ay wax uga beddelaan qalabka korantada ee kala duwan, u hagaajiyaan dhaqdhaqaaqooda korantada, oo ay kor u qaadaan dhaqdhaqaaqa korantada iyo heerka ugu dambeeya ee saarista.
Microwave iyo ultrasound ayaa inta badan ah tallaabooyin caawiye ah oo muhiim u ah moodooyinka kor ku xusan.Qaadashada kaalmada ultrasonic tusaale ahaan, iyadoo la adeegsanayo mowjadaha dhawaaqa gariirka oo leh xawli ka sarreeya 25kHz ilbiriqsikii, malaayiin goobooyin aad u yaryar ayaa lagu abuuraa xal lagu sameeyay wakiilka nadiifinta si gaar ah loo nashqadeeyay.Xumboyadan yaryar, inta lagu jiro isku-buufin degdeg ah iyo balaadhinta, waxay si joogto ah u soo saaraan implosion xumbo, taas oo u oggolaanaysa agabku inay si dhakhso ah u beddelaan oo ay ugu faafiyaan dusha sare ee kicinta, inta badan waxay si weyn u wanaajisaa hufnaanta catalytic.
3 Gabagabo
Nano ceria iyo agabkeeda isku dhafan waxay si wax ku ool ah u daweyn karaan ions iyo wasakhowga organic ee biyaha, waxayna yeelan karaan awood codsi oo muhiim ah beeraha daaweynta biyaha mustaqbalka.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, cilmi-baadhisyada intooda badani waxay weli ku jiraan heerka shaybaarka, iyo si loo gaaro codsiga degdegga ah ee daaweynta biyaha mustaqbalka, arrimaha soo socda ayaa weli u baahan in si degdeg ah wax looga qabto:
(1) Qiimaha diyaarinta nano xad sare ahCeO2agabka ku salaysan ayaa weli ah arrin muhiim ah inta badan codsiyadooda ku saabsan daaweynta biyaha, kuwaas oo weli ku jira heerka cilmi-baarista shaybaarka.Sahaminta habab diyaarsan oo qiimo jaban, fudud oo wax ku ool ah oo nidaamin kara qaab-dhismeedka iyo cabbirka nano CeO2 agabka ku saleysan ayaa wali diiradda saaraya cilmi-baarista.
(2) Sababtoo ah xajmiga walxaha yar ee nano CeO2 alaabta ku salaysan, arrimaha dib u warshadaynta iyo dib u soo kabashada isticmaalka ka dib ayaa sidoo kale ah arrimo muhiim ah oo xaddidaya codsigooda.Isku-dhafka ay ka kooban tahay alaabta xabagta ama maadooyinka magnetic waxay noqon doontaa jihada cilmi-baarista ee muhiimka ah ee diyaarinta alaabta iyo farsamada dib-u-warshadaynta.
(3) Horumarinta habka wadajirka ah ee u dhexeeya nano CeO2 oo ku salaysan tiknoolajiyada daaweynta biyaha iyo tignoolajiyada daaweynta bulaacada dhaqameed waxay si weyn kor ugu qaadi doontaa codsiga nano CeO2 tignoolajiyada wax-ka-qabashada ee ku saleysan berrinkii daaweynta biyaha.
(4) Weli waxaa jira cilmi-baaris xaddidan oo ku saabsan sunta nano CeO2 ee alaabta ku salaysan, iyo habdhaqankooda deegaanka iyo habka sunta ee hababka daaweynta biyaha weli lama go'aamin.Habka daaweynta bulaacada dhabta ah waxay inta badan ku lug leedahay wada noolaanshaha wasakhooyin badan, iyo wasakhowga wada nool ayaa is dhexgali doona midba midka kale, taas oo beddeleysa sifooyinka dusha sare iyo sunta suurtagalka ah ee nanomaterials.Sidaa darteed, waxaa jira baahi degdeg ah oo lagu sameeyo cilmi-baaris dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan dhinacyada la xiriira.
Waqtiga boostada: Meey-22-2023