Ngo-1879, oprofesa bamakhemikhali baseSweden u-LF Nilson (1840-1899) kanye no-PT Cleve (1840-1905) bathola into entsha kumaminerali angavamile i-gadolinite kanye negolide elingavamile elimnyama cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo.Baqamba lesi sici "I-Scandium", okwakuyinto "enjenge-boron" eyabikezelwa uMendeleev. Ukutholakala kwabo kufakazela futhi ukunemba komthetho wezakhi wezikhathi kanye nokubona kusengaphambili kukaMendeleev.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezakhi ze-lanthanide, i-scandium ine-ionic radius encane kakhulu futhi i-alkalinity ye-hydroxide nayo ibuthakathaka kakhulu.Ngakho-ke, lapho i-scandium nezakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile kuhlanganiswa ndawonye, ziphathwa nge-ammonia (noma i-alkali ehlanjululwe kakhulu), futhi i-scandium izokwehla kuqala.Ngakho-ke, ingahlukaniswa kalula nezinto ezingavamile zomhlaba ngendlela "yezulu elilinganiselwe".Enye indlela ukusebenzisa ukubola kwe-polar kwe-nitrate ukuze kuhlukaniswe, ngoba i-nitrate ye-scandium iyona elula kakhulu ukubola, ukuze kuzuzwe injongo yokuhlukana.
I-Scandium metal ingatholakala nge-electrolysis.Ngesikhathi sokucwenga i-scandium,I-ScCl3, i-KCl, ne-LiCl ziyancibilika, futhi i-zinc encibilikisiwe isetshenziswa njenge-cathode ye-electrolysis ukuze kuncishiswe i-scandium ku-electrode ye-zinc.Khona-ke, i-zinc iyahwamuka ukuze kutholwe insimbi ye-scandium.Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulula ukubuyisela i-scandium lapho ucubungula i-ore ukukhiqiza i-uranium, i-thorium, ne-lanthanide izakhi.Ukubuyiselwa okuphelele kwe-scandium ehambisana nezimayini ze-tungsten nethini nakho kuwumthombo obalulekile we-scandium.I-Scandium isesimweni se-trivalent kuma-compounds futhi i-oxidized kalulaI-Sc2O3emoyeni, ilahlekelwa ukucwebezela kwayo kwensimbi futhi iphenduke ibe mpunga obumnyama.I-Scandium ingasabela ngamanzi ashisayo ukuze ikhiphe i-hydrogen futhi incibilika kalula kuma-asidi, okuyenza ibe i-ejenti yokunciphisa eqinile.Ama-oxide nama-hydroxides e-scandium abonisa kuphela i-alkalinity, kodwa umlotha wawo kasawoti awukwazi ukukhishwa nge-hydrolyzed.I-chloride ye-scandium iyikristalu emhlophe encibilika kalula emanzini futhi ingakwazi ukubola emoyeni.Izicelo zayo eziyinhloko zimi kanje.
(1) Embonini ye-metallurgical, i-scandium ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-alloys (izithasiselo zama-alloys) ukuthuthukisa amandla abo, ubulukhuni, ukumelana nokushisa, nokusebenza.Isibonelo, ukwengeza inani elincane le-scandium ensimbi encibilikisiwe kungathuthukisa kakhulu izakhiwo zensimbi ekhonjiwe, kuyilapho ukwengeza inani elincane le-scandium ku-aluminium kungathuthukisa amandla ayo nokumelana nokushisa.
(2) Embonini ye-elekthronikhi, i-scandium ingasetshenziswa njengezinto ezihlukahlukene ze-semiconductor, njengokusetshenziswa kwe-scandium sulfite kuma-semiconductors, okuye kwaheha ukunaka kokubili ngaphakathi nangaphandle.Ama-ferrites aqukethe i-scandium nawo anezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithembisayo kuma-core magnetic cores.
(3) Embonini yamakhemikhali, izinhlanganisela ze-scandium zisetshenziswa njengezisusa eziphumelelayo zokuqeda utshwala kanye nokuphelelwa amandla kwamanzi ekukhiqizeni i-ethylene kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-chlorine kusuka kudoti i-hydrochloric acid.
(4) Embonini yengilazi, ingilazi ekhethekile equkethe i-scandium ingenziwa.
(5) Embonini yomthombo wokukhanya kagesi, izibani ze-scandium ze-sodium ezenziwe nge-scandium ne-sodium zinezinzuzo zokusebenza kahle okuphezulu nombala wokukhanya omuhle.
I-Scandium ikhona ngesimo se-15Sc ngokwemvelo, futhi kukhona nama-isotopes angu-9 e-radioactive e-scandium, okuyi-40-44Sc kanye ne-16-49Sc.Phakathi kwazo, i-46Sc isetshenziswe njenge-tracer emikhakheni yamakhemikhali, ye-metallurgical, kanye ne-oceanographic.Kwezokwelapha, kukhona nezifundo zaphesheya ezisebenzisa i-46Sc ukwelapha umdlavuza.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Apr-19-2023