Kwi-1879, oonjingalwazi bekhemistri yaseSweden uLF Nilson (1840-1899) kunye no-PT Cleve (1840-1905) bafumana into entsha kwi-rare minerals gadolinite kunye ne-ore emnyama enqabileyo yegolide malunga nexesha elifanayo.Bayithiya le element "Scandium", eyayiyi "boron efana" element eyaxelwa kwangaphambili nguMendeleev. Ukufunyanwa kwabo kwakhona kungqina ukuchaneka komthetho wexesha lezinto kunye nokubona kwangaphambili kukaMendeleev.
Xa kuthelekiswa nezinto ze-lanthanide, i-scandium ine-radius encinci ye-ionic kunye ne-alkalinity ye-hydroxide nayo ibuthathaka kakhulu.Ngoko ke, xa i-scandium kunye nezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zixutywa kunye, ziphathwa nge-ammonia (okanye i-alkali ehlanjululwe ngokugqithiseleyo), kwaye i-scandium iya kunyuka kuqala.Ke ngoko, inokwahlulwa ngokulula kwizinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ngendlela ye "graded precipitation".Enye indlela kukusebenzisa i-polar decomposition ye-nitrate yokwahlula, kuba i-nitrate ye-scandium iyona nto ilula ukubola, ukuze kufezekiswe injongo yokuhlukana.
Isinyithi seScandium sinokufumaneka nge-electrolysis.Ngexesha lokucocwa kwe-scandium,I-ScCl3, i-KCl, kunye ne-LiCl ziyancibilika, kwaye i-zinc etyhidiweyo isetyenziswa njenge-cathode ye-electrolysis ukuze iqhube i-scandium kwi-zinc electrode.Emva koko, i-zinc ikhutshwa ngumphunga ukufumana isinyithi se-scandium.Ukongeza, kulula ukubuyisela i-scandium xa kusetyenzwa i-ore ukuvelisa i-uranium, i-thorium, kunye ne-lanthanide element.Ukubuyiswa okubanzi kwe-scandium ehamba kunye ne-tungsten kunye nemigodi ye-tin ikwangumthombo obalulekileyo we-scandium.I-Scandium ubukhulu becala ikwimo ye-trivalent kwiikhompawundi kwaye i-oxidized ngokululaSc2O3emoyeni, ilahlekelwa ukubengezela kwayo kwesinyithi kwaye iguquke ibe yingwevu emnyama.I-Scandium inokusabela ngamanzi ashushu ukukhulula i-hydrogen kwaye inyibilika ngokulula kwi-asidi, iyenza ibe yi-arhente yokunciphisa eyomeleleyo.Iioksidi kunye ne-hydroxides ye-scandium zibonisa kuphela i-alkalinity, kodwa uthuthu lwazo lwetyuwa alunakwenzeka ukuba lufakwe kwi-hydrolyzed.Ikloridi ye-scandium yikristale emhlophe enyibilika ngokulula emanzini kwaye inokonakala emoyeni.Izicelo zayo eziphambili zezi zilandelayo.
(1) Kwishishini le-metallurgical, i-scandium isoloko isetyenziselwa ukwenza i-alloys (i-additives for alloys) ukuphucula amandla abo, ukuqina, ukumelana nobushushu kunye nokusebenza.Ngokomzekelo, ukongeza inani elincinci le-scandium kwintsimbi etyhidiweyo inokuphucula kakhulu iimpawu zentsimbi etyhidiweyo, ngelixa ukongeza inani elincinci le-scandium kwi-aluminium kunokuphucula amandla ayo kunye nokumelana nokushisa.
(2) Kwishishini lombane, i-scandium ingasetyenziselwa njengezixhobo ezahlukeneyo ze-semiconductor, ezifana nokusetyenziswa kwe-scandium sulfite kwi-semiconductors, eye yatsala ingqalelo ngaphakathi nangaphandle.Iiferrites eziqulethe i-scandium nazo zinee-aplikeshini ezithembisayo kwi-computer magnetic cores.
(3) Kwishishini lemichiza, iikhompawundi ze-scandium zisetyenziswa njenge-catalysts esebenzayo ye-alcohol dehydrogenation kunye ne-dehydration ekuveliseni i-ethylene kunye nokuveliswa kwe-chlorine kwi-waste hydrochloric acid.
(4) Kwishishini leglasi, iglasi ekhethekileyo equkethe iscandium inokuveliswa.
(5) Kwishishini lomthombo wokukhanya kombane, izibane ze-sodium ze-scandium ezenziwe kwi-scandium kunye ne-sodium zineenzuzo zokusebenza okuphezulu kunye nombala wokukhanya okhanyayo.
I-Scandium ikhona ngokohlobo lwe-15Sc ngokwendalo, kwaye kukwakho ne-9 isotopes ye-radioactive ye-scandium, ezizezi, i-40-44Sc kunye ne-16-49Sc.Phakathi kwazo, i-46Sc isetyenziswe njengomkhondo kwiikhemikhali, i-metallurgical, kunye nemimandla yolwandle.Kwezamayeza, kukwakho nezifundo zaphesheya zisebenzisa i46Sc ukunyanga umhlaza.
Ixesha lokuposa: Apr-19-2023