Isicwangciso-qhinga se-US esinqabileyo se-US kufuneka. . . Ukudityaniswa kwezixhobo ezithile zesizwe zezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, ukulungiswa komhlaba okunqabileyo eUnited States kuya kuphinda kuqaliseke kwinkuthazo entsha kunye nokurhoxiswa kweendlela ezizezinye ze-minerals entsha ecocekileyo. Sifuna uncedo lwakho.
Unobhala we-Deepyny oKhuseleko kunye nokuKhusela i-Ellen, ubungqina obuvela kwiSenethi, iKomishana yeNkxaso yoLawulo, nge-Okthobha 1, 2020.
Usuku olungaphambi koMs.
Ngokutsho kwegexo legaiologists, umhlaba onqabileyo awunqabi, kodwa zixabisekile. Impendulo ebonakala iyimfihlakalo ilele ngokufikeleleka. Izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba (i-RE) zinezinto ezili-17 ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-elektroniki ze-elektroniki kunye nezixhobo zezokhuseleko, kwaye zafunyanwa kuqala zasetyenziswa eUnited States. Nangona kunjalo, ukuveliswa ngokuthe ngcembe kutshintshela eChina, apho iindleko ezisezantsi zabasebenzi, zincitshiswe kwimpembelelo yokusingqongileyo, kunye nenkxaso-mali yesandla evela kwi-Akhawunti yeLizwe (PRC) ye-97% yemveliso yehlabathi. Ngo-1997, uMagniquenech, inkampani yasemhlabeni enqabileyo eUnited States, yathengiswa kwi-Consortium yoTyalo-mali, yathengiswa kwi-Consortium yoTyalo-mali ekhokelwa ngu-Archibald Cox (JR.), unyana womtshutshisi wegama elinye, amanzi. I-Consortium isebenze kunye neenkampani ezimbini zakwarhulumente. Inkampani yensimbi, izixhobo ezintsha zeSanhuan kunye ne-China ezingathandekiyo zokungenisa ngaphakathi kunye nokuthengisa ngaphandle kunye nokuthengisa ngaphandle. Usihlalo weSanhuan, unyana obhinqileyo wenkokeli ephezulu wanng xiaoping, waba ngusihlalo wenkampani. I-Magniquench yavalwa eUnited States, ifudukele eTshayina, kwaye iphinde ivulwe ngo-2003, ehambelana ne-deng xiaoping "yenkqubo ye-Super 863, kubandakanya" izinto ezingaqhelekanga. " Oku kwenza ukuba kwenziwe i-molycorp inani lokugqibela elisele lingumhlaba onqabileyo lomhlaba onqabileyo kwi-United States de yawa ngo-2015.
Kwangoko kulawulo lwasekhaya, abanye abantu base-Metrolgin baqalisa ukukhathazeka ukuba i-United States ixhomekeke kwimithombo yangaphandle eyayinganyanzelekanga ukuba ibekhona, kodwa lo mbandela awuzange uthwele inyameko. Unyaka ka-2010. NgoSeptemba waloo nyaka, isikhephe sokuloba saseTshayina saya kwiinqanawa ezimbini zaseJapan zaseJapan kwi-East East East Seaty. Urhulumente waseJapan wabhengeza injongo yakhe yokubeka umphathi wesikhephe sokuloba kwityala, kwaye urhulumente waseTshayina wathabatha amanyathelo athile, kubandakanya i-embargo kwintengiso yomhlaba onqabileyo eJapan. Oku kunokuba nefuthe elibi kwishishini laseJapan leJapan, oko kusongelwa kukukhula ngokukhawuleza kweemoto ezenziwe ngamaTshayina. Phakathi kwezinye izicelo, izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ziyinxalenye engenakuphikwa kwe-injini ye-injini.
Isongelo sika-China sithathwe ngokwaneleyo ukuba i-United States, i-European Union, iJapan kunye namanye amazwe afaka amanye amatyala noMbutho woRhwebo lweHlabathi (i-WTO) elawula ukuba i-China ayinakuthintela ukuthunyelwa kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. Nangona kunjalo, amavili ondlela ye-WTO ye-WTO ajika kancinci: isigwebo senziwa de kube seminyaka emine kamva. ICandelo lase-China leMicimbi yangaphandle lalila ukuba libeke i-EARGO, isithi i-china ifuna izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zokuphuhlisa amashishini ayo aphuhlisayo. Oku kunokuba buchanekile: ngo-2005, i-China yayinethintele impahla kuthunyelo, ibangela i-pentagon malunga nokunqongophala kwezinto ezine ezinqabileyo (i-lanthanum, e-euro, kunye ne-Euro.
Kwelinye icala, i-China Eguqukayo kwimveliso enqabileyo yomhlaba inokuqhutywa yinzuzo-yokukhulisa izinto, kwaye ngelo xesha, amaxabiso ayekhula ngokukhawuleza. Ukupheliswa kweMolycorp kukwabonisa ulawulo oluqondayo lukarhulumente waseTshayina. I-Molycorp yaxela kwangaphambili ukuba amaxabiso anqabileyo asemhlabeni aya kunyuka kanti emva kwesiganeko phakathi kweenqanawa zokuloba amaTshayina kunye nonogada baseJapan ngo-2010, ngoko ke baphakamisa imali eninzi yokwakha ezona ndawo ziphezulu zokulungisa. Nangona kunjalo, xa urhulumente waseTshayina aphumzile i-31, iMolycorp yayiqhutywa yi-US $ 1.7 yezigidigidi kwityala kunye nesiqingatha seziqingatha zendawo yazo yokulungisa. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, yavela kwi-akhawunti yokungabhanga kwaye ithengiselwe imali eyi- $ 20,5 yezigidi, eyixabiso elibalulekileyo xa lithelekiswa ne- $ 1.7 yezigidi zeedola. Inkampani yahlangulwa yi-Consortium, kwaye i-China Lesan Sheng Sheard Inkampani yeNkampani iphatha ama-30% amalungelo eNkampani angavotanga. Ngobuchwephesha, ukuba nezabelo ezingavotaliyo kuthetha ukuba u-Lesanhehanhenghe unelungelo elingabi ngaphezu kwenxalenye yenzuzo, kwaye inani lilonke lezi nzuzo zincinci, ukuze abanye abantu babuze iinjongo zenkampani. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yesayizi ka-Lesanhehanhenghe Vayhe Diveres kwinani elifunekayo lokufumana i-30% yezabelo, inkampani inokuba ngumngcipheko. Nangona kunjalo, impembelelo inokubekwa ngaphandle kokuthetha ngaphandle kokuvota. Ngokwexwebhu lesiTshayina eliveliswe yiWall Street Journal, uLeshanheng Shenga uza kuba nelungelo elikhethekileyo lokuthengisa iiminerali zentaba. Ngayiphi na imeko, iMollcorp iya kuthumela i-ree i-ree ukuya e-China ukuze isebenze.
Ngenxa yobuchule bokuxhomekeka kwizitorethi, umzi-mveliso waseJapan akachaphazelekanga kakhulu kwimbambano ka-2010. Nangona kunjalo, ukubakho kokuxhotyiswa kwe-China kumazwe anqabileyo ngoku aqatshelwe. Kwiiveki nje ezimbalwa, iingcali zaseJapan zatyelela iMongolia, iVietnam, eOstreliya kunye namanye amazwe kunye nezinye izixhobo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ukwenza imibuzo. Ukusukela nge-18 kaNovemba ngo-2010, iJapan ifikelele kwisivumelwano sokuhambisa ixesha elide kunye neqela le-Australia. IJapan iqinisekisiwe ekuqaleni konyaka olandelayo, kwaye ukusukela kwandiswa kwayo, ngoku ifumene i-30% yehlabathi layo elinqabileyo eLynas. Okubangela umdla kukuba, i-chinane ye-chinaness chine engenazimbiza ze-metring yeqela elizama ukuthenga isibonda esikhulu eLynas kunyaka omnye ophelileyo. Ngenxa yokuba i-china ingumnikazi omkhulu wemigodi yomhlaba onqabileyo, umntu unokuzicacisa ukuba i-China iCwangciso lokuSebenzisa iMveliso yeHlabathi kunye neMakethi yeBango. Urhulumente wase-Australia uvale isivumelwano.
I-United States, izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ziphinde zavukile kwiMfazwe ye-Nino-US. NgoMeyi ka-2019, Unobhala jikelele waseTshayina Xi jinphang waqhubela phambili ukundwendwela ngokubanzi kwaye ngokomfuziselo ku-Jiangxi umhlaba waseJiangxi onqabileyo, oguqulelwa njengomboniso wempembelelo yorhulumente wakhe eWashington. The People's Daily, the official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, wrote: “Only in this way can we suggest that the US should not underestimate China's ability to safeguard its development rights and rights. Ungatsho ukuba asikulumkisile. " Ababukeli bathi, "Ungatsho ukuba asilumkanga. Ibinzana elithi "wena" lihlala lisetyenziswa kuphela yimithombo yeendaba esemthethweni kwiimeko ezimbi kakhulu, njengaphambi kokuhlasela kwe-Chien vietnam ngo-1978 nakwimpikiswano yomda wama-2017 ne-2017 yemfazwe ye-2017 kunye ne-2017 yemfazwe ye-2017 ne-2017 ye-2017 kunye nembambano yomda wama-2017 kunye ne-2017 yemfazwe ye-2017 kunye ne-2017 yemfazwe ye-2017 kunye ne-2017 yemfazwe ye-2017 kunye ne-2017 yemfazwe ye-2017 ne-2017. Ukwenzela ukwandisa iinkxalabo ze-United States, njengoko izixhobo eziphezulu ziphuhliswa, izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ziyafuneka. Ukuphelisa imizekelo nje emibini, imfazwe nganye ye-F-35 ifuna iipesenti ezingama-920 zomhlaba onqabileyo, kwaye nganye ye-Virginia-eklasi nganye ifuna amaxesha alishumi.
Ngaphandle kokulumkisa, iinzame zisenziwa ukumisela i-chain yokubonelela nge-ree engabandakanyi i-china. Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo inzima ngakumbi kunendawo elula yokukhupha. Kwindawo, izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zixutywe neeminerali ezininzi kwiingcinezelo ezahlukeneyo. Emva koko, i-ore yoqobo kufuneka iqhubekeke kumjikelo wokuqala wokuvelisa ukugxila, kwaye ukusuka apho kungena kwenye indawo eyahlulahlula izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo. Kwinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba kukukhutshwa kweSolvent, "izinto ezinyibilikayo zidlula kumagumbi amagumbi olwelo ezinokuphinda-phinde, amanqanaba e-Americal American. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ubukho bezixhobo zerediyo zibonisa inkqubo.
Ngo-2012, iJapan yafumana i-Euphoria eyayihlala emfutshane, kwaye kwakuqinisekisiwe ngokweenkcukacha ngo-2018 ukuba i-Gee Geerits ePhakamileyo yeBanga eliphezulu yafunyanwa kufutshane ne-Nannialoo Island kwindawo yayo ekhethekileyo, eqikelelwa ukuba ihlangabezane neemfuno zayo kangangeenkulungwane. Nangona kunjalo, malunga ne-2020, iphephandaba lesibini le-Japan ekhulu, uAhiya, echaze iphupha lokuzihlaziya 'njengokungonwabi. " Nokuba kwitekhnoloji yeTekhnoloji ye-SAVVY, ukufumana indlela yokukhupha ngokuthengisa ngokurhwebi kuseyingxaki. Isixhobo esibizwa ngokuba yi-piston core ukuqhuba udaka ukusuka kwi-stratum phantsi komgangatho wolwandle kubunzulu beemitha ezingama-6000. Ngenxa yokuba umatshini wokucoca uthatha ngaphezulu kwemizuzu engama-200 ukuya kufikelela elunxwemeni, inkqubo ibuhlungu kakhulu. Ukufikelela nokukhupha udaka sisiqalo nje senkqubo yokucoca, kunye nezinye iingxaki zilandele. Kukho ingozi enokubakho kwindalo esingqongileyo. Izazinzulu zinexhala lokuba "ngenxa yesenzo sokujikeleza amanzi, ukuntywila kunokuwa kwaye kuchithe umhlaba onqabileyo kunye nodaka olungena elwandle." Izinto zorhwebo nazo kufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo: Iitoni ezingama-3 55 kufuneka ziqokelelwe yonke imihla ukwenza inkampani ibe yinzuzo. Okwangoku, iitoni ezingama-350 kuphela zinokuqokelelwa iiyure ezili-10 ngosuku.
Ngamanye amagama, kuchitha ixesha kwaye kuyabiza ukulungiselela ukusebenzisa izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, nokuba ngumhlaba okanye ulwandle. I-China ilawula phantse yonke indawo yokusebenza ehlabathini, kwaye nehlabathi elinqabileyo likhutshwe kwamanye amazwe / imimandla ithunyelwa apho ukuze kulungiswe. Ukhetho lwaluse-iynas, oluthunyelwa ngu-Ore ukuya kwiMalaysia ukuba lubelwe. Nangona igalelo likaLinas kwingxaki enqabileyo yomhlaba lixabisekile, asisiso isisombululo esifanelekileyo. Umxholo wezinto ezinqabileyo kwimigodi yenkampani iphantsi kune-china, okuthetha ukuba i-lynas kufuneka ikhuphe izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, zenza izinto eziphambili zezicelo zolondolozo, zonyusa iindleko. Imigodi enqabileyo yomhlaba inqabile ngokuthenga inkomo iphela njengenkomo: Ngomhla we-2040, ixabiso lekhilogramu enye ye-US RODMYIUM I-US $ 55.20.
Ngo-2019, umnxibelelanisi osekwe kwiTexas osekwe kwi-Texas ubhengeze ukuba uza kuseka i-ventheure edibeneyo ne-lynas yokwakha isityalo sokwahlula i-ree engafakwanga amaTshayina. Nangona kunjalo, le projekthi kulindeleke ukuba ithathe iminyaka emibini ukuya kwemithathu ukuya kuphila, yenza ukuba abathengi base-US basengozini eBeijing's Realiageatory. Xa urhulumente wase-Australia avalela ukuzama kuka-Australia ukuze afumane i-Lynas, iBeijing iqhubeke nokufuna olunye ukuqhutywa kwamanye amazwe. Sele inomzi-mveliso eVietnam kwaye ingenise inani elikhulu leemveliso ezivela eMyanmar. Ngo-2018, yayiyitoni engama-25,000 yomhlaba onqabileyo, kwaye ukusuka ngoJanuwari 1 ukuya ku-Meyi ka-2019, yayiyi-9,21 yeetoni ezingama-9,217 zomhlaba onqabileyo. Intshabalalo yokusingqongileyo kunye nengxabano zabangela ukuvalwa kwezenzo ezingabhaliswanga ngabasebenzi beenqwelo moya. Ukuvalwa komsebenzi kunokuba yinto engasebenzi kakuhle ngo-2020, kwaye kusekho imisebenzi yemigodi esemthethweni kumacala omabini omda. Ezinye iingcali zikholelwa ukuba izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ziyaqhubeka nokumiselwa e China phantsi komthetho woMzantsi Afrika phantsi koMthetho woMzantsi Afrika, emva koko zathunyelwa eMyanmar kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokujikeleza (ezinje nge-thennan yePhondo), emva koko ihambise inzondelelo yemigaqo.
Abathengi baseTshayina baye bafuna ukufumana indawo ezinemigodi eGreenland, ephazamisa i-United States kunye neDenmark, eneziseko zomoya kwiThule, iLimi-Automomous. Izixhobo ze-Shenghe Holdings ziye zaba zezona zabelo zikhulu ze-Greenland Corporals Co., i-LTD. ngo-2019, yeka inkxaso-mali yenkxaso ye-nyclear yelizwe lenyukliya le-nyclear yesizwe (i-CNC) ukurhweba kunye nenkqubo enqabileyo yomhlaba. Yintoni ebonisa umba wokhuseleko kunye nantoni na engasebenziyo ingaba ngumba wokhuseleko onokuba ngumcimbi wempikiswano phakathi kwala maqela mabini kwi-Danish-Greenland Loorhulumente.
Abanye bakholelwa ukuba inkxalabo malunga nokunikezelwa komhlaba onqabileyo kugqityiwe. Ukusukela ngo-2010, isitokhwe sinyukile ngokuqinisekileyo, esinokugqume kakhulu kwi-Embargo ye-Embargo ngequbuliso kwixesha elifutshane. Imihlaba enqabileyo inokuphinda isetyenziselwe ukuphinda isebenze, kwaye iinkqubo zinokuyilwa ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle koncedo olukhoyo. Iinzame zikarhulumente zaseJapan zokufumana indlela eyaneleyo yokuqoqosho kwii-mineral ezityebileyo kwimimandla yayo yoqoqosho ekhethekileyo inokuphumelela, kwaye uphando malunga nokudala ababambeleyo emhlabeni kuyaqhubeka.
I-China elinqabileyo le-China alinakuhlala likhona. Ukunyuka kwe-China Ukuhlolwa kwemicimbi yokusingqongileyo kuye kwachaphazeleka kwimveliso. Nangona ukuthengiswa kwezinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ngamaxabiso asezantsi kunokuvala ukhuphiswano lwangaphandle, lube nefuthe elibi kwimimandla yokuvelisa kunye nokuhlaziya. Amanzi amdaka ngetyhefu kakhulu. Amanzi amdaka kwimisila yomhlaba encotsheni inokunciphisa ungcoliseko lwendawo enqabileyo yomhlaba onqabileyo, kodwa amanzi anqabileyo anokuvuza okanye aphule, ekhokelela ekungcoliseni okunzulu. Nangona kungekho nkqonkqozo kawonke-wonke ngenxa yokungcolisa kwimigodi yomhlaba enqabileyo ebangelwa yiYangtti River yezikhukula ngo-2020, ngokuqinisekileyo kukho iinkxalabo malunga nokungcola. Izikhukula zazinefuthe eliyintlekele kumzi-mveliso ka-Lesan Shengherher kunye noluhlu lwayo. Inkampani iqikelele ilahleko yayo ukuba iphakathi kwe-US $ 35 nezigidi ezingama-48, kude kakhulu kwi-inshurensi ye-inshurensi. Kunikezwe ukuba izikhukula ezinokubangelwa kukutshintsha kwemozulu zibe rhoqo, ukubakho komonakalo kunye nongcoliseko olubangelwe zizikhukula zexesha elizayo kuyanda.
Igosa elivela eGanyohou kuloo mmandla ityelelwe nguXin jinp lime: "I-irony yile yokuba ixabiso lezinto eziphantsi sele likwinqanaba elinzima, lithelekiswa nemali efunekayo ukuze ilungiswe. Akukho xabiso. Umonakalo. "
Nangona kunjalo, kuxhomekeka kumthombo wengxelo, i-China iza kubonelela ngama-70% ukuya kwi-77% yezinto ezinqabileyo zehlabathi. Kuphela kuxa ichukumisa isondele, njengaku-2010 kwaye ngo-2019, i-United States iqhubeke nokuhoya. Kwimeko ye-Magniquench naseMolycorp, i-themidine ye-thessortium inokuphembelela iKomiti yoTyalo-mali lwangaphandle eUnited States (CFIus) ukuba ukuthengisa akuyi kuchaphazela kakubi ukhuseleko lwaseMelika. I-CFis kufuneka yandise ubungakanani bayo boxanduva lokufumana ukhuseleko lwezoqoqosho, kwaye kufanele ukuba kuphaphele. Ngokuchasene nokuphendula ngokufutshane kunye nexesha elifutshane kwixesha elidlulileyo, inkathalo eqhubekayo yoRhulumente kwixa elizayo kuyinto efunekayo. Ukujonga emva kumazwi abantu ngo-2019, asinakutsho ukuba asizange silumkisiwe.
Iimbono ezivezwe kweli nqaku zizo kuphela kombhali kwaye azibonakalisi imeko yeZiko loPhando lweMigaqo-nkqubo yeNgliphi nangaphandle. IZiko loPhando lweMigaqo-nkqubo yangaphandle lingumbutho ongengowasemva olunikezelwe ekupapasheni amanqaku emigaqo-nkqubo yempikiswano kumgaqo-nkqubo wase-US kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe. Izinto eziphambili ngokubaluleka.
I-Teufy Dreyer, i-teufner yenkqubo ye-Asia yeZiko lase-Asia, ngunjingalwazi weSayensi yezopolitiko kwiYunivesithi yaseMiami kwii-Gealis, eFlorida.
Isifo seNovel Coronavirus 2019 (Covid-19) sasungulwa eTshayina, satshaya ilizwe, satshabalalisa [...] Ubomi
Nge-20 kaMeyi, 2020, uMongameli kaTaiwan Tsaing-Wen waqala ngekota yakhe yesibini. Ngomsitho onoxolo ngakumbi [...]
Ngokwesiqhelo, intlanganiso yonyaka yeCongress yaBantu yeSizwe (i-NPC) ye-China yinto enqabileyo. Kwithiyori, iRiphabliki yaseTshayina [...]
IZiko loPhando loMgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle luzibophelele ekuboneleleni ngesona sihlolisiso semfundo esiphezulu kunye nohlalutyo lomgaqo-nkqubo ongenzi nxaxheba, kugxilwe kumgaqo-nkqubo omkhulu welinye ilizwe kunye nemiceli mngeni yesizwe ejongene neUnited States. Sifundisa abantu abazenzayo kunye nefuthe imigaqo-nkqubo kunye noluntu ngokubanzi ngembali, iJografi neyenkcubeko. Funda ngakumbi malunga ne-FPPI »
IZiko loPhando lwangaphandle 610 · Philadelpho, ePennsylvania 1910215.215.731.377777777777777777777777777777777.73012201201220. onke Amalungelo Agciniwe.
IXESHA LOKUQALA: I-Oct-09-2020