Hafnium, metala Hf, helu ʻātoma 72, kaumaha ʻātoma 178.49, he metala hoʻololi hina hina hina.
ʻEono nā isotopes paʻa maoli ʻo Hafnium: hafnium 174, 176, 177, 178, 179, a me 180. ʻAʻole pane ʻo Hafnium me ka waika hydrochloric dilute, waika sulfuric dilute, a me nā haʻina alkaline ikaika, akā hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka waika hydrofluoric a me ka wai regia.No ka inoa Latin o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Copenhagen.
I ka makahiki 1925, ua loaʻa ka paʻakai hafnium maʻemaʻe ma o ka crystallization fractional o nā paʻakai paʻakikī fluorinated, a hoʻemi ʻia me ka sodium metala e loaʻa ai ka hafnium metala maʻemaʻe.Aia ka Hafnium i ka 0.00045% o ka ʻōpala o ka honua a pili pinepine me ka zirconium ma ke ʻano.
inoa huahana: hafnium
Hōʻailona Element: Hf
Ke kaumaha ʻĀtoma: 178.49
ʻAno ʻano: mea metala
Nā waiwai kino:
Hafniumhe mea metala hina hina me ka lino metala;ʻElua mau ʻano like ʻole o ka hafnium metala: ʻO α Hafnium kahi ʻano hexagonal i hoʻopili piha ʻia (1750 ℃) me kahi mahana hoʻololi kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka zirconium.Loaʻa nā ʻano allotrope metala hafnium i nā wela kiʻekiʻe.Loaʻa i ka hafnium metala kahi ʻāpana neutron absorption kiʻekiʻe a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i mea hoʻomalu no nā reactors.
ʻElua ʻano o nā hale aniani: hexagonal paʻa paʻa i nā mahana ma lalo o 1300 ℃（ α- Equation);Ma nā mahana ma luna o 1300 ℃, he kino ke kikowaena cubic（ β- Equation).He metala me ka plasticity e paʻakiki a lilo i mea nahaha i mua o nā haumia.Paʻa i ka lewa, ʻeleʻele wale ma ka ʻili ke puhi ʻia.Hiki ke hoʻā ʻia nā filament e ka lapalapa o kahi pāʻani.Nā waiwai e like me ka zirconium.ʻAʻole ia e hana me ka wai, nā ʻakika dilute, a i ʻole nā kumu ikaika, akā hiki ke maʻalahi i ka wai regia a me ka waika hydrofluoric.Nui i loko o nā pūhui me ka valence +4.ʻIke ʻia ʻo Hafnium alloy (Ta4HfC5) i ka helu hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe loa (ma kahi o 4215 ℃).
ʻO ka hana aniani: Hexagonal ka cell crystal
Helu CAS: 7440-58-6
Ka helu hehee: 2227 ℃
Puni paila: 4602 ℃
Nā waiwai kemika:
ʻO nā waiwai kemika o ka hafnium ua like loa ia me ka zirconium, a he kūpaʻa maikaʻi kona kūpaʻa a ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻino ʻia e nā ʻano wai wai alkali;Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka waika hydrofluoric e hana i nā paʻakikī fluorinated.Ma nā wela kiʻekiʻe, hiki i ka hafnium ke hui pū me nā kinoea e like me ka oxygen a me ka nitrogen e hana i nā oxides a me nā nitrides.
Loaʻa pinepine ka Hafnium i ka valence +4 i loko o nā pūhui.ʻO ka hui nuihafnium oxideHfO2.ʻEkolu mau ʻano like ʻole o ka hafnium oxide:hafnium oxideloaʻa ma ka calcination mau o ka hafnium sulfate a me ka chloride oxide he ʻano monoclinic;ʻO ka hafnium oxide i loaʻa ma ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ka hydroxide o ka hafnium ma kahi o 400 ℃ he ʻano tetragonal;Inā calcined ma luna o 1000 ℃, hiki ke loaʻa kahi ʻano cubic.ʻO kekahi hui pū kekahihafnium tetrachloride, ʻo ia ka mea maka no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka hafnium metala a hiki ke hoʻomākaukau ʻia ma ka hana ʻana i ke kinoea chlorine ma ka hui ʻana o ka hafnium oxide a me ke kalapona.Hoʻopili ʻia ka Hafnium tetrachloride me ka wai a hoʻoheheʻe koke ʻia i loko o nā ion HfO (4H2O) 2+ paʻa loa.Aia nā ion HfO2+ i loko o nā pūhui he nui o ka hafnium, a hiki iā ia ke hoʻoheheʻe i ke ʻano o ka nilala hafnium oxychloride HfOCl2 · 8H2O mau kristal i loko o ka hafnium tetrachloride hoʻoheheʻe hydrochloric acidified.
Hiki nō hoʻi i ka 4-valent hafnium ke hana paʻakikī me ka fluoride, ʻo ia hoʻi me K2HfF6, K3HfF7, (NH4) 2HfF6, a me (NH4) 3HfF7.Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau complexes no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka zirconium a me ka hafnium.
Huihui maʻamau:
Hafnium dioxide: inoa Hafnium dioxide;Hafnium dioxide;Huihui mole: HfO2 [4];Waiwai: ʻO ka pauka keʻokeʻo me ʻekolu mau hale aniani: monoclinic, tetragonal, a me cubic.ʻO 10.3, 10.1, a me 10.43g/cm3 nā mānoanoa.Ka helu hehee 2780-2920K.Ka helu hoʻolapalapa 5400K.ʻO ka helu hoʻonui wela 5.8 × 10-6/℃.ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, hydrochloric acid, a me ka waikawa nitric, akā hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka sulfuric acid a me ka waika hydrofluoric.Hana ʻia e ka decomposition thermal a i ʻole hydrolysis o nā mea e like me ka hafnium sulfate a me ka hafnium oxychloride.Nā mea maka no ka hana ʻana i nā mea hao hafnium a me nā hafnium alloys.Hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā mea refractory, anti radioactive coatings, a me nā catalysts.[5] ʻO ka pae ikehu Atomic HfO he huahana i loaʻa i ka manawa hoʻokahi i ka hana ʻana i ka pae ikehu atomika ZrO.E hoʻomaka ana mai ka lua o ka chlorination, nā kaʻina hana o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa, a me ka distillation vacuum ua aneane like me ka zirconium.
Hafnium tetrachloride: Hafnium (IV) chloride, Hafnium tetrachloride Molecular formula HfCl4 Molecular kaumaha 320.30 Character: Block crystalline keʻokeʻo.Pilikino i ka wai.Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka acetone a me ka methanol.Hydrolyze i loko o ka wai e hana i ka hafnium oxychloride (HfOCl2).E wela i ka 250 ℃ a e mahu.E hoʻonāukiuki i ka maka, ka ʻōnaehana hanu, a me ka ʻili.
Hafnium hydroxide: Hafnium hydroxide (H4HfO4), ma ke ano he hydrated oxide HfO2 · nH2O, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā ʻakika inorganic, hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka amonia, a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka sodium hydroxide.E wela i ka 100 ℃ e hoʻohua i ka hafnium hydroxide HfO (OH) 2. Hiki ke loaʻa ka hafnium hydroxide keʻokeʻo ma ka hana ʻana i ka paʻakai hafnium (IV) me ka wai amonia.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā pūhui hafnium ʻē aʻe.
Moʻolelo Noiʻi
Moʻolelo ʻIke:
I ka makahiki 1923, ua ʻike ʻo Hervey chemist Suedena a me D. Koster physicist Dutch i ka hafnium i loko o ka zircon i hana ʻia ma Norewai a me Greenland, a kapa ʻia ʻo ia he hafnium, mai ka inoa Latin ʻo Hafnia o Copenhagen.I ka makahiki 1925, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Hervey lāua ʻo Coster i ka zirconium a me ka titanium me ke ʻano o ka crystallization fractional o nā paʻakai paʻakikī fluorinated e loaʻa ai nā paʻakai hafnium maʻemaʻe;A e hoʻemi i ka paʻakai hafnium me ka sodium metala e loaʻa ai ka hafnium metala maʻemaʻe.Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻo Hervey i kahi laʻana o nā milligrams o ka hafnium maʻemaʻe.
Nā hoʻokolohua kemika ma ka zirconium a me ka hafnium:
Ma kahi hoʻokolohua i alakaʻi ʻia e Professor Carl Collins ma ke Kulanui o Texas i ka makahiki 1998, ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ka gamma irradiated hafnium 178m2 (ka isomer hafnium-178m2 [7]) hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i ka ikehu nui, ʻo ia ka ʻelima mau kauoha o ka nui ma mua o nā hopena kemika akā. ʻekolu kauoha o ka nui haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā hopena nuklea.[8] ʻO Hf178m2 (hafnium 178m2) ka lōʻihi loa o ke ola ma waena o nā isotopes lōʻihi like: Hf178m2 (hafnium 178m2) he 31 makahiki ka hapalua o ke ola, e hopena i ka radioactivity kūlohelohe ma kahi o 1.6 trillion Becquerels.Hōʻike ka hōʻike a Collins he 1330 megajoules i loko o hoʻokahi gram o Hf178m2 maʻemaʻe (hafnium 178m2), ʻo ia ka like me ka ikehu i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ka pahū ʻana o 300 kilograms o nā mea pahū TNT.Hōʻike ka hōʻike a Collins ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka ikehu a pau i kēia pane ʻana ma ke ʻano o nā kukuna X a i ʻole nā kukui gamma, e hoʻokuʻu ana i ka ikehu ma ka wikiwiki loa, a hiki i ka Hf178m2 (hafnium 178m2) ke hana i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa.[9] Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka Pentagon i nā kālā no ka noiʻi.I ka hoʻokolohua, ua haʻahaʻa loa ka ratio signal-to-noise (me nā hewa nui), a mai ia manawa, ʻoiai nā hoʻokolohua he nui e nā ʻepekema mai nā hui lehulehu me ka United States Department of Defense Advanced Projects Research Agency (DARPA) a me JASON Defense Advisory Puʻupuʻu [13], ʻaʻohe kanaka ʻepekema i hiki ke hoʻokō i kēia hopena ma lalo o nā kūlana i ʻōlelo ʻia e Collins, a ʻaʻole i hāʻawi ʻo Collins i nā hōʻike ikaika e hōʻoia i ke ola ʻana o kēia pane, ua manaʻo ʻo Collins i kahi ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka ray gamma e hoʻokuʻu i ka ikehu mai. Hf178m2 (hafnium 178m2) [15], akā, ua hōʻoia nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia kēia pane.[16] Hf178m2 (hafnium 178m2) manaʻoʻiʻo nui ʻia i ka hui kula ʻaʻole ia he kumu o ka ikehu.
Kahua noi:
He mea pono loa ka Hafnium ma muli o kona hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i nā electrons, e like me ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he filament i nā kukui incandescent.Hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka cathode no nā paipu X-ray, a ua hoʻohana ʻia nā alloys o ka hafnium a me ka tungsten a i ʻole molybdenum e like me nā electrodes no nā paipu hoʻokuʻu kiʻekiʻe.Hoʻohana maʻamau i ka cathode a me tungsten uea hana ʻoihana no nā kukui X.He mea koʻikoʻi ka hafnium maʻemaʻe i ka ʻoihana ikehu atomic ma muli o kona plasticity, ka hana maʻalahi, ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe, a me ke kūpaʻa corrosion.Loaʻa iā Hafnium kahi ʻāpana hoʻopaʻa neutron wela nui a he mea hoʻopau neutron maikaʻi loa, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he koʻokoʻo hoʻomalu a me ka mea pale no nā reactors atomic.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka pauka Hafnium ma ke ʻano he propellant no nā rockets.Hiki ke hana ʻia ka cathode o nā paipu X-ray i ka ʻoihana uila.Hiki i ka Hafnium alloy ke lawelawe ma ke ʻano he papa pale i mua no nā nozzles rocket a me ka lele hou ʻana i nā mokulele, ʻoiai hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka Hf Ta alloy no ka hana ʻana i nā mea kila a me nā mea pale.Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Hafnium ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui i nā mea hoʻohui wela, e like me ka tungsten, molybdenum, a me ka tantalum.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka HfC ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui no nā alloy paʻakikī ma muli o kona paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe a me ka helu heheʻe.ʻO ka helu heheʻe o 4TaCHfC ma kahi o 4215 ℃, hana ia i ka hui me ka helu heheʻe kiʻekiʻe loa.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Hafnium ma ke ʻano he kiʻi i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻonui.Hiki i ka Hafnium getters ke wehe i nā kinoea pono ʻole e like me ka oxygen a me ka nitrogen i loko o ka ʻōnaehana.Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo Hafnium ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui i ka aila hydraulic e pale ai i ka volatilization o ka ʻaila hydraulic i ka wā o nā hana kiʻekiʻe, a he mau waiwai anti volatility ikaika.No laila, hoʻohana maʻamau ia i ka ʻaila hydraulic ʻoihana.ʻAila hydraulic lāʻau lapaʻau.
Hoʻohana pū ʻia ka mea Hafnium i ka Intel 45 nanoprocessors hou loa.Ma muli o ka hana ʻana o ka silicon dioxide (SiO2) a me kona hiki ke hōʻemi i ka mānoanoa e hoʻomaikaʻi mau i ka hana transistor, hoʻohana nā mea hana i ka silicon dioxide i mea no ka dielectrics gate.I ka wā i hoʻokomo ai ʻo Intel i ke kaʻina hana 65 nanometer, ʻoiai ua hoʻoikaika ʻo ia e hoʻemi i ka mānoanoa o ka silicon dioxide gate dielectric i 1.2 nanometers, e like me 5 papa o nā atom, e piʻi aʻe ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana a me ka hoʻohemo ʻana i ka wela ke hoʻonui ʻia ka transistor. ua hoʻemi ʻia i ka nui o kahi ʻātoma, ka hopena i ka ʻōpala o kēia manawa a me ka ikehu wela pono ʻole.No laila, inā e hoʻohana mau ʻia nā mea i kēia manawa a hoʻemi ʻia ka mānoanoa, e hoʻonui nui ʻia ka leakage o ka dielectric puka, e lawe ana i ka ʻenehana transistor i kona mau palena.No ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia pilikia koʻikoʻi, ke hoʻolālā nei ʻo Intel e hoʻohana i nā mea K kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (hafnium based material) ma ke ʻano he dielectrics puka ma kahi o ka silicon dioxide, ka mea i hoʻemi maikaʻi i ka leakage ma mua o 10 mau manawa.Hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka hanauna mua o ka ʻenehana 65nm, hoʻonui ka hana 45nm o Intel i ka nui o ka transistor ma kahi kokoke i ʻelua, e ʻae ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o nā transistors a i ʻole ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o ka processor.Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka mana i koi ʻia no ka hoʻololi transistor, e hōʻemi ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana ma kahi o 30%.Hana ʻia nā pilina o loko me ka uea keleawe i hui pū ʻia me ka dielectric haʻahaʻa, hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi i ka pono a hoʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana, a ʻo ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻololi ʻana ma kahi o 20% wikiwiki.
Māhele kola:
ʻOi aku ka nui o ka nui o ka hafnium ma mua o nā metala maʻamau e like me ka bismuth, cadmium, a me ka mercury, a ua like ia me ka beryllium, germanium, a me ka uranium.Loaʻa ka hafnium i nā minerala a pau me ka zirconium.ʻO Zircon i hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻoihana he 0.5-2% hafnium.Hiki i ka beryllium zircon (Alvite) i ka lua zirconium ore ke komo i ka 15% hafnium.Aia kekahi ʻano zircon metamorphic, cyrtolite, aia ma luna o 5% HfO.He ʻuʻuku ka mālama ʻana o nā minerala hope ʻelua a ʻaʻole i lawe ʻia ma ka ʻoihana.Loaʻa ka Hafnium i ka wā o ka hana ʻana o ka zirconium.
Aia ia ma ka hapa nui o ka zirconium ores.[18] [19] No ka mea, he uuku loa na mea i loko o ka lepo.Hoʻohui pinepine ia me ka zirconium a ʻaʻohe ʻano ʻē aʻe.
Kaʻina hoʻomākaukau:
1. Hiki ke hoʻomākaukau ʻia e ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka magnesium o ka hafnium tetrachloride a i ʻole ka decomposition thermal o ka hafnium iodide.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻo HfCl4 a me K2HfF6 e like me nā mea maka.ʻO ke kaʻina hana o ka hana electrolytic ma NaCl KCl HfCl4 a i ʻole K2HfF6 melt e like me ka hana electrolytic o zirconium.
2. Noho pū ka Hafnium me ka zirconium, a ʻaʻohe mea ʻokoʻa no ka hafnium.ʻO ka mea maka no ka hana ʻana i ka hafnium he crude hafnium oxide i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka wā o ka hana ʻana i ka zirconium.Wehe i ka hafnium oxide me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka resin exchange ion, a laila e hoʻohana i ke ʻano like me ka zirconium e hoʻomākaukau ai i ka hafnium metala mai kēia hafnium oxide.
3. Hiki ke hoʻomākaukau ʻia ma ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ka hafnium tetrachloride (HfCl4) me ka sodium ma o ka hoʻemi ʻana.
ʻO nā ala mua loa no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka zirconium a me ka hafnium, ʻo ia ka crystallization fractional o nā paʻakai paʻakikī fluorinated a me ka ua haʻihaʻi o nā phosphates.He paʻakikī kēia mau ʻano hana a ua kaupalena ʻia i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hale hana.ʻO nā ʻenehana hou no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka zirconium a me ka hafnium, e like me ka fractionation distillation, solvent extraction, ion exchange, a me fractionation adsorption, ua puka mai kekahi ma hope o kekahi, me ka ʻoi aku ka hana o ka solvent extraction.ʻO nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokaʻawale maʻamau ʻelua ʻo ka ʻōnaehana thiocyanate cyclohexanone a me ka ʻōnaehana tributyl phosphate nitric acid.ʻO nā huahana i loaʻa ma nā ʻano i luna aʻe he hafnium hydroxide, a hiki ke loaʻa ka hafnium oxide ma ka calcination.Hiki ke loaʻa ka hafnium maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe ma ke ʻano hoʻololi ion.
I ka ʻoihana, hoʻokomo pinepine ka hana ʻana i ka hafnium metala i ke kaʻina Kroll a me ke kaʻina Debor Aker.ʻO ke kaʻina hana Kroll e hoʻemi i ka hafnium tetrachloride me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka magnesium metallic:
2Mg+HfCl4- → 2MgCl2+Hf
Hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano Debor Aker, i ʻike ʻia ʻo ke ʻano iodization, e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka sponge e like me ka hafnium a loaʻa ka hafnium metala malleable.
5. Ua like ka hoohehee ana o ka hafnium me ka zirconium.
ʻO ka ʻanuʻu mua ka decomposition o ka oka, e pili ana i ʻekolu mau ʻano: chlorination o zircon e loaʻa ai (Zr, Hf) Cl.Alkali hehee o zircon.Hoʻoheheʻe ʻo Zircona me NaOH ma kahi o 600, a ʻoi aku ka nui o 90% o (Zr, Hf) O i Na (Zr, Hf) O, me SiO i hoʻololi ʻia i NaSiO, i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai no ka wehe ʻana.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka Na (Zr, Hf) O ma ke ʻano he hopena kumu no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka zirconium a me ka hafnium ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana i ka HNO.Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hele ʻana o SiO colloids e paʻakikī ai ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka solvent extraction.Hoʻopaʻa me KSiF a hoʻohu i ka wai e loaʻa ai ka hopena K (Zr, Hf) F.Hiki i ka hopena ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka zirconium a me ka hafnium ma o ka crystallization fractional;
ʻO ka lua o ka ʻanuʻu ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka zirconium a me ka hafnium, hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hoʻokaʻawale hoʻokaʻawale solvent me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waika hydrochloric MIBK (methyl isobutyl ketone) ʻōnaehana a me ka ʻōnaehana HNO-TBP (tributyl phosphate).Ua aʻo lōʻihi ʻia ka ʻenehana o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā ʻāpana he nui e hoʻohana ana i ka ʻokoʻa o ke kaomi mahu ma waena o HfCl a me ZrCl ma lalo o ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe (ma luna o 20 atmospheres), hiki ke mālama i ke kaʻina hana chlorination lua a hoʻemi i nā kumukūʻai.Eia naʻe, ma muli o ka pilikia corrosion o (Zr, Hf) Cl a me HCl, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea kolamu fractionation kūpono, a e hōʻemi hoʻi ia i ka maikaʻi o ZrCl a me HfCl, e hoʻonui ana i nā kumukūʻai hoʻomaʻemaʻe.I ka makahiki 1970, aia nō ia i ke kahua hoʻokolohua waena;
ʻO ke kolu o ka ʻanuʻu, ʻo ia ka chlorination lua o HfO e loaʻa ai ka HfCl maʻemaʻe no ka hoʻemi ʻana;
ʻO ka hā o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka HfCl a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa magnesium.Ua like kēia kaʻina hana me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ZrCl, a ʻo ka huahana semi-hoʻopau ʻia he hafnium sponge;
ʻO ka ʻelima o ka hana ʻana, ʻo ia ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka hafnium maʻemaʻe e hoʻoneʻe i ka MgCl a hoʻihoʻi hou i ka magnesium metala ʻoi aku ka nui, e hopena i kahi huahana o ka hafnium metala metala.Inā hoʻohana ka mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka sodium ma kahi o ka magnesium, pono e hoʻololi i ka pae ʻelima i ka hoʻoinu wai
Ke ala mālama:
E kūʻai i loko o kahi hale kūʻai anuanu a me ka makani.E mālama i nā huna ahi a me nā kumu wela.Pono e mālama ʻokoʻa mai nā oxidants, nā waikawa, nā halogen, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a pale i ka waiho ʻana.Ke hoʻohana nei i nā kukui pahū a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe.E pāpā i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hana mīkini a me nā mea hana e pili ana i nā ʻā.Pono e hoʻolako ʻia ka wahi mālama me nā mea kūpono e loaʻa ai nā leaks.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Sep-25-2023